Scarlet Letter, Chillingworth A Man Of Evil :: essays research papers

Chillingworth: a Man of Evil      In the novel the Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne’s character Roger Chillingworth should speak to the malice in the story. Hawthorne demonstrates Chillingworth to be underhanded by a few methods. The physical portrayal of Chillingworth shows him as an underhanded character. Proclamations are additionally made by Hawthorne alluding to the inward substance of Chillingworth that would lead the peruser to sentiments of his evilness. Another great way Hawthorne communicates that Chillingworth is malevolent is his name. There are numerous techniques Hawthorne uses to show the malicious characteristics of Chillingworth.      When Chillingworth first enters the novel he is found in a group. Hester sees him since he sticks out. Chillingworth is dressed all in dark. Dark is a shading regularly used to speak to underhanded, different acclaimed characters that exhibit this are Captain Ahab and Darth Vader. Chillingworth is likewise said to have a protuberance on the left half of his back. The left or â€Å"sinister† side is utilized to speak to malicious. Chillingworth is likewise twisted and appalling. Hawthorne composes characters to show up outwardly the manner in which he needs the peruser to see them within. Chillingworth seems, by all accounts, to be a monstrous individual outwardly accordingly he should be one within. Chillingworth is appeared as a dull, malicious, monstrous character.      The first meager one for the most part sees about the man being referred to is his eyes. These eyes have the ability to add profound to a human spirit. He can see whatever drapes overwhelming on the core of the individual and uncover it; for instance Chillingworth could utilize this to draw out a person’s sins. Hawthorne sees this demonstration to be the best sin of all, making Chillingworth detestable.      Chillingworth is a name that has a solid meaning of fiendishness. The word chill has implications like that of the word cold. Having the postfix worth makes his name mean of cold worth. Cold is generally connected with abhorrent. This can be found in articulations like merciless. Chillingworth is an individual of cold worth along these lines he is a man of wickedness.

Obama Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

My Externship Experience Essay Example For Students

My Externship Experience Essay Externship is having a chance to use your hands on aptitudes and bring you one bit nearer to your vocation. The Medical Assistant Management program at the College of Westchester set me up well for Practicum at Dr. Lawerance Neshiwats Endocrinology and Internal Medicine Office in Mount Vernon, New York. Endocrinology is the investigation of the clinical parts of hormones, including ailments and conditions related with hormonal lopsided characteristics. I held the situation of a front work area secretary and clinical collaborator. My every day obligations during my externship were getting calls , where patients will plan or reschedule arrangements. Likewise as patients came in for arrangements, I would set up their diagram and make another outline for any new patients. During my personal time, I took the opportunity to fax papers, for example, solutions to drug stores, nursing homes, lab results and so on. After the fax had an affirmation, I would staple the affirmation to the first and document the paper in sequential order request , later the important records would be placed in the patients diagram. I likewise was in control in ensuring all the rooms were loaded up with a patient for the specialist to see. When Dr. Neshiwat would comes out of stay with a patient, he typically would gives me their remedy where I made a duplicate. He would likewise request that I give them any glucose testing machines, test strips and medication tablets. Whenever I had the open door I was permitted to help patients which implies I was committed to record the explanation of the visit ( boss grumbling), perform EKG, and spirometry, hold essential signs ( stature, weight, circulatory strain), glucose testing if necessary and acquire late lab results. During the most recent hour of my day, I would begin pulling diagrams for patients who had an arrangement for the following day, wrap up my messages that were recorded, make envelopes for the specialist, for example, signature, lab result callbacks, and audits. In spite of the fact that I played out a couple of things I learned in class ,there were still things somewhat extraordinary, for example, EKG. I learned in school that EKG leads on limits were put on the wrist and lower leg, yet in my externship they favored me to put the leads more on the upper arm and upper leg. I knew to perform appropriate hand washing when each patent to however I saw that the associates didnt , yet they wore gloves during blood and pee presentation. I heard data about patients by name moving through the workplace, which is against HIPAA. I had elevated standard that I will be told appropriately and everybody would be decent, at that point reality hit me. My first day, I was shown before long, which was a sink or swim. There were a couple of times where I was shouted at for either erroneously accomplishing something or not realizing how to do it, yet my idea was how would you anticipate that me should simply know whether I wasnt educated appropriately  . They anticipated that me should know it all since I was recently out of school. On a positive note, I was prepared how to do a spirometry, which is utilized to survey how well your lungs work by estimating how much air you breathe in, the amount you breathe out and how rapidly you breathe out. Spirometry is likewise used to analyze asthma, constant obstructive pneumonic malady (COPD) and different conditions that influence relaxing. I found out about medical coverages, where we would check whether patients were qualified or affirmed for the visit. Something else we would do was check for any extraordinary adjusts, copays and if referrals are required. My coach told me the best way to ask for and get an endorsement for quiet s MRI testing of the cerebrum, chest and thyroid organ at St. Johns Hospital. I would get numerous outcomes, for example, labs, blood, MRI and so forth. These new abilities that I picked up can be prescribed to be educated to clinical understudies in the College of Westchester. I feel that it is essential to comprehend what health care coverages are out there other then Medicare and Medicad in light of the fact that really a few understudies just know the normal ones. .u9f6c4bd6d5e556d9d3c365c42e5f9cea , .u9f6c4bd6d5e556d9d3c365c42e5f9cea .postImageUrl , .u9f6c4bd6d5e556d9d3c365c42e5f9cea .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u9f6c4bd6d5e556d9d3c365c42e5f9cea , .u9f6c4bd6d5e556d9d3c365c42e5f9cea:hover , .u9f6c4bd6d5e556d9d3c365c42e5f9cea:visited , .u9f6c4bd6d5e556d9d3c365c42e5f9cea:active { border:0!important; } .u9f6c4bd6d5e556d9d3c365c42e5f9cea .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u9f6c4bd6d5e556d9d3c365c42e5f9cea { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u9f6c4bd6d5e556d9d3c365c42e5f9cea:active , .u9f6c4bd6d5e556d9d3c365c42e5f9cea:hover { mistiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u9f6c4bd6d5e556d9d3c365c42e5f9cea .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u9f6c4bd6d5e556d9d3c365c42e5f9cea .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u9f6c4bd6d5e556d9d3c365c42e5f9cea .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u9f6c4bd6d5e556d9d3c365c42e5f9cea .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9f6c4bd6d5e556d9d3c365c42e5f9cea:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u9f6c4bd6d5e556d9d3 c365c42e5f9cea .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u9f6c4bd6d5e556d9d3c365c42e5f9cea-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u9f6c4bd6d5e556d9d3c365c42e5f9cea:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Rain backwoods Depletion EssayMy involvement with Dr. Lawerance Neshiwats office was not what I anticipated. I had the idea of everything would have been simple and marginally hard with least fun. I had exclusive standard in light of the fact that in school I was trained that in the field things will be proficient, yet inside my first experience I experienced amateurish work. I wouldnt suggested this office for approaching understudy. In spite of the fact that I wouldnt suggest the workplace , I will say this can be a learning experience for approaching understudies since I figured out how clinical workplaces work truly. This can be an eye opener for understudies who expect all that they learned will be done in a clinical office. This office can show understudies how not to expect what you realize in class to be actually done in clinical office which will give them a sample of the real world. During my externship venture, I was in look for a clinical associate activity. Around my most recent couple of long stretches of my externship I got brought in for a meeting at Dr. Patels office. I landed the position, however they needed me to work quickly which I couldnt do in light of the fact that I had externship hours that must be finished. They inquired as to whether I was happy to leave my externship and finish my hours at their office and afterward after my hours were finished they will enlist me. Obviously I had the respect in inquiring as to whether I can proceed with my externship at Dr. Patels office. I got the endorsement to switch externship and since I been at Dr. Patel. Then, I make some full memories work at Dr. Patels office as clinical right hand and furthermore I am an agreeable active barkeep at your neighbor flame broil, Applebees. Since my excursion is reaching a conclusion, I will get a kick out of the chance to proceed with my instruction in an alternate school where I have the chance to get my Bachelors qualification in Biology and furthermore get into a Pre-Med program. I will probably go to clinical school and become an OB/GYN specialist. I got acknowledged to numerous schools, for example, St. Johnss University and Mercy College, yet tragically because of money related guide, I won't have the option to go to a school right now. I cannot bear the cost of school at this moment, since my mom is experiencing hardships like losing her employment. I won't surrender my fantasy in turning into a specialist.

Organizations going through Change Research Paper

Associations experiencing Change - Research Paper Example These angles are introduced in Intel Corporation (2011) and Jones, Watson, Gardner, and Gallois (2010). In Intel Corporation (2011), the justification for change is educated by the need to coordinate Intel’s endeavor design with the present market interest for semiconductor chips. Then again, Jones, Watson, Gardner, and Gallois (2010) address change in the light of correspondence challenges in the21st century. The job of Intel in improving the government assistance of the correspondence business is featured. The shared characteristic between the two distributions is that the two of them assess the sources and effects of hierarchical change. Be that as it may, while one depends on the inner activities of the company, the different spotlights on the whole business. Hierarchical change for Intel is affected by innovation, activity procedures, and design subject to the ideal degree of inventiveness and imaginativeness (Ilozor, Peter, and Graham, 2012). In this regard, Intel utilizes assorted methods of reasoning for interior change, while the business justification for change is correspondence based. In this manner, the utilization of single or various methods of reasoning in evaluating the requirement for change relies upon the particular activities embraced by the

Qnt 351 Data Collection Essay Example

Qnt 351 Data Collection Essay The motivation behind the Learning Team task is familiarize groups with the examination study attempted, reason for the investigation, inquire about inquiry, etc. The group task is to finished the first step in quite a while examination in the accompanying structure: 1. Depict the issue, reason, inquire about inquiries, and theories 2. Assess of the instrument utilized for information assortment 3. Depict and assess how the information was gathered 4. Code the information and assess the method utilized . Clean the information by disposing of the information input blunders made 6. Make determinations about fittingness of information to meet the motivation behind the investigation Resources Required Data gathered from RES/351 University of Phoenix Material: Ballard Integrated Managed Services, Inc, Part 1. Evaluating Guide Content70 Percent| Points Available65| Points EarnedX/65| Additional Comments:| * All key components of the task are shrouded in a considerable manner. * Presents th e picked circumstance as an overviewâ€problem, reason, inquire about inquiries, and theories. Portrays the instrument utilized for information assortment. * Describes how the information is gathered. * Describes how the information is coded and assesses the system utilized. * Cleans the information by taking out the information input mistakes made. * Draws decisions about suitability of the information to meet the reason for study. * Includes a 5-to 7-slide Microsoftâ ® PowerPoint ® presentation| | 62/65|  You have the entirety of the necessary data and the principle business issues/concerns are identified with turn over, high truancy, assurance, and discontent of the workforce. In a 5-7 slides introduction added to the last week’s introduction as a presentation review, what might the succession of slides be and what page title to each slide would you give? This ought to be the structure of the paper. The issue explanation needs a different slide and one heading ought to be committed to the issues and concerns. In synopsis, you need a framework or chapter by chapter list and headings. Another basic reasoning issue is how might you have directed the study to guarantee a higher level of reactions rather than 17%.? Association/Development15 Percent| Points Available15| Points Earned13/15| Additional Comments:| * The paper is close to 700 to 1,050 words long. * Paragraph advances are available, intelligent, and keep up the stream all through the paper. * The tone is proper to the substance and task. * Sentences are finished, clear, and brief. * Sentences are all around developed, solid, and shifted. * Sentence advances are available and keep up the progre ssion of thought. |  The paper is elegantly composed and sentences are clear. We will compose a custom paper test on Qnt 351 Data Collection explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Qnt 351 Data Collection explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Qnt 351 Data Collection explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer A decent structure with presentation (which you have) and decisions will make it an extraordinary paper. The progression of paper is influenced by absence of structure. | Mechanics 10 Percent| Points Available10| Points Earned8/10| Additional Comments:| * The paperâ€including tables and diagrams, headings, cover sheet, and reference pageâ€is steady with APA designing rules and meets course-level necessities. * Intellectual property is perceived with in-content references and a reference page. * Rules of syntax, utilization, and accentuation are followed. * Spelling is right. |  Headings are missing and not steady with APA rules. | Total Available| Total Earned| | 90| 83/90|  | Data Collection Ballard Integrated Managed Services (BIMS) is an across the country administration organization that gives housekeeping and foodservice backing to establishments over the United States. One division oversaw by Barbara Tucker benefits the Douglas Medical Center and has been one of the b est areas. As of late this area has been encountering a higher pace of turnover causing worry among overseeing staff about its causes just as its potential arrangements. Since the majority of these occupations are low-expertise in nature, substitution of these representatives has been simple; anyway it has achieved an expanded expense, and uncovers a more profound issue inside organization confidence. To get the explanation for the brought down resolve, a ten-question review was led of existing workers to comprehend organization qualities just as regions for required improvement. Representatives were posed inquiries, for example, do your appreciate working at BIMS, are you paid decently, does the executives treat you well, and do you make the most of your alloted move (University of Phoenix Material, 2013) . As a 24-hour activity speculation extend from representatives not working the occasions they need, to tending to worker pride in their work that joins reasonable treatment by administrative staff individuals and reasonable pay for administrations gave. Debbie Horner, the HR supervisor liable for this overview felt the issue was gathered in worker inspiration and felt this was the territory that required most improvement. Potential answers for this are motivation rivalries, move changes, and change in administrative way to deal with singular needs to raise worker self-esteem and fulfillment. Both quantitative and subjective information was gathered from the review. Utilizing the quantitative information the Human Resource Manager Debbie Horner offered conversation starters that changed from the numbers one through five. One was the most exceedingly awful evaluating and five was the best. Using this information the human asset supervisor was empowered to increase an all the more clear point of view on how individuals felt about functioning for this association. She uses subjective information to find the sexual orientation of the members, what position they hold inside the organization and the period of time that the individual has been utilized with the organization (University of Phoenix Material, 2013). The reason for existing is to get the general assessment of the members. The technique for gathered information was through an overview that was stretched out to 449 of the company’s workers. The BIMS overview incorporates ten inquiries that are explicit to the inquiries that are in informative supplement A. From that point, follows with five inquiries that will help separate a portion of the socioeconomics of the appropriate responses from the initial ten inquiries. The factors and estimations that are being utilized are assisting with finding and recognize why the worker resolve levels are so low. The main arrangement of inquiries has an answer extend from one through five. This is an ordinal degree of estimation. The numbers are utilized as levels of significance, instead of answers. This variable additionally can be estimated by this scale so the degree of estimation is ordinal. Various degrees of estimation need to utilize diverse factual methods (University of Phoenix Material, 2013). For questions A, C, and D the degree of estimation is ostensible. The request the inquiries are posed doesn't make a difference, and they qualify as subjective information. The inquiries pose for the representatives to portray and order themselves as chief, boss, male, female and what division they work in. For question B the degree of estimation is proportion. The inquiry has a zero worth. The inquiry pose to what extent somebody has worked for BIMS. Since this inquiry can't deliver a negative answer, for the measure of time they have worked there the level utilized is proportion. The BIMS worker study information is coded numerically on the ordinal, proportion, and ostensible levels. The information from Column one speaks to the 78 overview members who are numbered from one to 78. In segment two through 11 of the informational index speaks to overview addresses one through 10. Every one of the members has been solicited to each respond to each from the inquiries with a one to five rating, one being certain and five being negative. The reactions from the review were recorded and put in lines and segments of the informational index. In the event that the study member didn't address an inquiry, a zero is recorded (University of Phoenix Material, 2013). In the wake of checking on the information, blunders have been found. There were sixes instead of the fives. Debbie Horner would enter the information and rather than a five she was putting a six. The sixes must be changed. In any case, Debbie didn't make a mistake in the coding of to what extent every representative has worked there; Debbie changed over the years into months. In this area the six was right and didn't should be amended (University of Phoenix Material, 2013). The end that was made was with the complete staff rising to 452 specialists, there was just a 17. 3percent reaction rate. There were just 78 reactions out of 452. The confidence of the staff is low, and even with the worry the HR chief shows in making the survey, the appropriate responses can't be decided by the reaction in view of the low return rate given (University of Phoenix Material, 2013). In the event that there had been more representatives sufficiently concerned to offer their input, at that point this overview could be utilized in the examination. Be that as it may, since relatively few partook, Team A feels this was uncertain. These answers are one-sided in light of the fact that lone 7 individuals worked in Maintenance. There were 36 replied by Food representatives and 35 replied by Housekeeping. It is an out of line advantage and insufficient individuals addressed the review (University of Phoenix Material, 2013). Decision Team An introduced the BIMS circumstance as a diagram issue, reason, inquire about inquiries, and theories. There was a depiction of the instrument utilized for information assortment for this paper. The paper distinguished the quantitative and subjective information gathered and how the information was gathered. There was additionally distinguishing proof fair and square of estimation for every one of the factors associated with the investigation. The paper gave depiction of how the information is coded and assessed the system utilized. Group A cleaned the information by wiping out the information input blunders made.

Do You Have Normal Anxiety or a Disorder

Do You Have Normal Anxiety or a Disorder GAD Symptoms Print Do You Have Normal Anxiety or a Disorder? By Sheryl Ankrom linkedin Sheryl Ankrom is a clinical professional counselor and nationally certified clinical mental health counselor specializing in anxiety disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Sheryl Ankrom Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on February 14, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on February 14, 2020 BSIP/UIG/Getty Images More in GAD Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Coping Anxiety is a general, unpleasant feeling of apprehension. You feel restless and you may have physical reactions such as a headache, sweating, palpitations, chest tightness, and upset stomach.?? When is anxiety normal and when is it an anxiety disorder? Virtually every human can relate to these symptoms because everyone has experienced anxiety at one time or another. Anxiety is a normal human experience. In fact, it can be a potentially beneficial response in anticipation of certain dangerous situations. The physical symptoms of anxiety are coming from your autonomic nervous system response. It is different, but related to the fear and fight or flight response. Fear is a natural reaction to a clear and present danger. Anxiety is your body anticipating potential danger or discomfort, whether physical or emotional. Anxiety Can Be Normal and Beneficial There is an infinite number of human experiences that cause normal anxiety. Life offers us the experience of many anxiety-provoking “firsts, such as a first date, the first day of school, the first time away from home. As we journey through life, there are many important life events, both good and bad, that cause varying amounts of anxiety. These events can include things such as, taking a school exam, getting married, becoming a parent, getting divorced, changing jobs, coping with illness and many others. The discomfort anxiety brings is considered normal and even beneficial. Anxiety about an upcoming test may cause you to work harder in preparing for the exam. The anxiety you feel when walking through a dark and deserted parking lot to your car will cause you to be alert and cautious of your surroundings, or better yet, get an escort to your vehicle. Anxiety Can Be a Problem While it’s pretty clear to see that anxiety is normal and even beneficial, for many people it becomes a problem. The main difference between normal anxiety and problem anxiety is between the source and the intensity of the experience.?? Normal anxiety is intermittent and is expected based on certain events or situations. Problem anxiety, on the other hand, tends to be chronic, irrational, and interferes with many life functions. Avoidance behavior, incessant worry, and concentration and memory problems may all stem from problem anxiety. These symptoms may be so intense that they cause family, work, and social difficulties. The components of problem anxiety include the physical responses to the anxiety (such as palpitations and stomach upset), distorted thoughts that become a source of excessive worry and behavioral changes affecting the usual way one lives life and interacts with others.?? Problem anxiety may lead to or reflect an anxiety disorder. The definition of generalized anxiety disorder is the presence of excessive anxiety and worry about a variety of topics, events, or activities. Worry occurs more often than not for at least six months  and is clearly excessive, along with physical and cognitive symptoms of anxiety, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition published by the American Psychiatric Association.?? Talk to Your Doctor If you believe your anxiety is a problem, it is important to talk to your doctor. Excessive anxiety can be caused by a number of medical and psychological conditions.?? Problem anxiety has also been indicated in a variety of physical illnesses, such as heart disease, stomach problems, and pain. But, the best reason to talk to your doctor is that anxiety is controllable, and its complications are avoidable with treatment. The 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups

Process Involving The Sale Of Marketing Assets - Free Essay Example

1.1 Introduction This coursework will consider the topics of stakeholder expectations, project constraints, time, quality and cost, due diligence and the use of consultancy expertise in the wider context of analyzing how a project manager approaches the â€Å"define and design stages† of a major merger and acquisition process involving the sale of marketing assets. 1.1.2 Define and design stage The define and design stage of project management will be where the project goals, objectives and operational targets will be set out and agreed (Loosemore and Uher 2003 p. 136). These need to be integrated as every stage of the projects life cycle is anticipated (Harrison and Lock 2004 p. 201). The define and design stage requires discussion of factors that will determine key outcomes of the projects development. Factors such as the role of the project manager, the duties, responsibilities and powers of the project manager, the duties, responsibilities, and powers of key internal and external stakeholders, budgetary matters, cost issues, and quality issues are all very important to the define and design stage (Loosemore and Uher 2003 p. 136). As Harrison and Lock (2004 p. 201) state, the define and design stage in the context of contracts would, for example require the project manager to give a brief to an architect. Harrison and Lock (2004 p. 201) contend that the definition stag e can be evaluated successfully through the use and application of the â€Å"go, no go† test which will determine whether the project is on target at various stages of the define and design stage. 2.1 Stakeholder expectations in the define and design phase At the beginning of the define and design stage, the most important stakeholder, aside from the project manager will be the client. As Loosemore and Uher (2003 p. 136) state, it is essential for the project manager, and the client to communicate effectively during this key initial stage. Later, more stakeholders will join the â€Å"mix† for example the design leader, and or various sub-contractors (Harrison and Lock 2004 p. 201), so it is essential that firm objectives, and expectations are set out as a result of the initial consultation between project manager and client (Loosemore and Uher 2003 p. 136). Strategies that will assist the successful development of the expectations of the client and project manager during this key phase will include: (a) devising a statement of key duties and responsibilities; (b) agreeing the conditions of engagement of other stakeholders such as the design leader, if applicable, and the engagement of any external consultation; (c) dev ising and agreeing a planned, staged set of objectives; (d) devising and agreeing a project management plan; (e) agreement on an initial budget; (f) planning cost control, expenditures and contingencies. Initial communication between the project manager and the client will determine the success of these factors (Loosemore and Uher 2003 p. 136). It would be advisable to ensure that appropriate records are kept of communications, so for example email records, and records of informal discussions. What will be key will be a comprehensive record of what has been initially agreed in terms of what the expectations of the client are, and it is advisable that this is formally recorded in a written document. A key factor in the early stages of the design and define stage will be the role of the project manager (Harrison and Lock 2004 p. 201), which will need to be discussed, and set out clearly from the beginning of the define and design stages. As many management experts would surmi se, this is the area of the project that has the potential to lead to expensive litigation, and project delay (Loosemore and Uher 2003 p. 130, p. 131, p. 132, p. 133, p. 134 and p.135), so it is essential that the role of the project manager is clearly discussed, and agree from the beginning of the define and design stage. As the project develops, factors like change control, teamwork and evaluation are likely to become important. Overall, the project manager will be expected to formulate an appropriate change control strategy as the define and design stage unfolds. Fundamental to the change control strategy are processes of organizational communication, teamwork, evaluation and operation management, and these must be aligned to the key strategic objectives of the company (Meredith and Mantel (2006) p8; Newton, R. (2005) p 103-118; Wysocki (2009) p 39-47, 109-120). It may be useful to consider what the key stakeholder expectations will be in a newly formed corporate organizati on: employees will expect to be managed appropriately; managers will expect to be trained and supported in their roles; stakeholders will expect effective systems of communication and dissemination of information; investors may expect performance targets to be met or exceeded; shareholders will expect performance targets to be met or exceeded (Harold, K (2010) p 340 -346; Kelly, S. and Nokes, S. (2007) p 20- 25) and this is not an exhaustive list since it would be nearly impossible to extrapolate all of the stakeholder expectations that will emerge as the organization begins to form. Stakeholders will have to be identified as a first step in the define and design stage. Stakeholders including employees (existing and new), investors (existing and new), management and consumers all need to be communicated with appropriately during the define and design stage (Berkun, S (2008) p. 42-46; Field, K. (1998) p 88-107, p163-170; Hobbs, P (2009) p 18-28). It is suggested that the best mean s of managing such a significant matrix of communication channels is to use some means of electronic communication to support it. To this end, it is suggested that an internal intranet and an external internet site, or sites are used to support the communication process between, and with different stakeholder groups within, and external to the organization as a merged entity. As Cox, D. notes (2010, p. 170) appropriate identification and management of stakeholder expectations through effective communication increases the probability of project success. It is suggested that key processes such as procurement of contracts, recruitment, and appraisal will be much changed within the new entity that is required to be project managed. In light of these changes it is important to retain the efficacy of core functions within these processes (Meredith and Mantel (2006) p8; Newton, R. (2005) p 103-118; Wysocki (2009) p 39-47, 109-120). So, for example the procedure for conducting procuremen ts, recruitment, selection and appraisal may need to be re-negotiated and or re-defined within different sectors of the newly formed business organization, so that it can be implemented consistently. 2.2 Project constraints in the define and design phase Several project constraints are apparent in the early stages of this project. Of key significance is the role of the team (Berkun, S (2008) p. 42-46; Field, K. (1998) p 88-107, p163-170; Hobbs, P (2009) p 18-28). In the aftermath of a merger, existing teams may be changed considerably, and or require integration with other teams. This can lead to performance, and leadership issues. Changes will need to be executed smoothly, with appropriate planning and communication with key stakeholders in order to ease these potential issues. Selection and recruitment strategies may need to be re-formulated across the newly merged organization, and new managerial staff will require extensive training in processes that may be new to them as this will be important to reinforce any new managerial authority (Lock, D (2007); Maylor, H (2010) p 224). In the define and design stage, it is suggested that the most important thing a project manager can do initially is to consult with well-placed ind ividuals, such as existing teams, and managers in order to establish what the important issues are and how they should be approached: â€Å"Taking a proactive approach means fighting the instinct to delay consultation because it is still early days and you dont have all the answers yet or are worried about raising expectations. The reality, most likely, is that peoples expectations are already raised in some form or other, and that speculation about the project and the company is beginning to circulate. Early engagement provides a valuable opportunity to influence public perception and set a positive tone with stakeholders early on. Be clear upfront that there are still many uncertainties and unknowns, and use early interactions with stakeholders as a predictor of potential issues and risks, and to help generate ideas and alternative solutions on early design questions†¦.†¦..(International Finance Corporation (2007) pp. 5)†. One of the major risks that the projec t manager will have to consider will be the risk that a â€Å"them and us† culture might arise across the organization based on hostilities between existing and new stakeholders who are required to work together in the newly formed organization, causing disruption to the efficacy of the company as a whole (Harold, K (2010) p 340 -346; Kelly, S. and Nokes, S. (2007) p 20- 25). Additionally, such negative consequences of poorly managed change can impact on retention rates in the organization as a whole (Lock, D (2007); Maylor, H (2010) p225), and this might add additional problems to the transitional problems that might be anticipated already. Steps such as improved communication between employees and management will mitigate the risk of these types of employee motivation, and leadership problems (Lock, D (2007); Maylor, H (2010) p 232). Using electronic systems like an intranet, which communicates correct and up- to – date information will ensure that key messages are d elivered effectively to employees and other relevant stakeholders (Meredith and Mantel (2006) p8; Newton, R. (2005) p 103-118; Wysocki (2009) p 39-47, 109-120). Stakeholder engagement will also be key in the define and design stage: â€Å"Today, the term â€Å"stakeholder engagement† is emerging as a means of describing a broader, more inclusive, and continuous process between a company and those potentially impacted that encompasses a range of activities and approaches, and spans the entire life of a project. The change reflects broader changes in the business and financial worlds, which increasingly recognize the business and reputational risks that come from poor stakeholder relations, and place a growing emphasis on corporate social responsibility and transparency and reporting. In this context, good stakeholder relations are a prerequisite for good risk management†¦..(International Finance Corporation (2007) pp. 2)†. Appropriate consultation strategies will ensure that problems are anticipated, rather than dealt with when they crop up (Lock, D (2007); Maylor, H (2010) p 236). This delivers an important â€Å"head- start† to the project manager, and indeed to the organization as a whole. It is important to emphasize the importance therefore of early stakeholder engagement, and the basis of this will be effective communication and consultation strategies (Lock, D (2007) p 29 -39; Maylor, H (2010) p 219-225). As the define and design stage unfolds, the channels of communication that are required to be pursued are likely to become more and more complex as different stakeholders engage in the process. Loosemore and Uher (2003 p. 137) states that formal reporting strategies are helpful to control project constraints within the area of communication. This means that communication follows a more regimented mode, which places emphasis on formality, comprehensiveness and the importance of clarity as to the outcome of the communica tion process. 2.3 Time, quality and cost in the define and design phase Factors, such as time, quality and cost are matters that will likely dominate the initial stages of the define and design stage of the management of the project (Harrison and Lock 2004 p. 201). What is important to recognize is the fact that these are often fluid concepts, and they will be subject to change as to define and design stage of the project develops, and contingency must be made for these changes to be managed appropriately. The project manager will be responsible for the monitoring of the budget, and the determination of whether any contingencies need to be implemented. As is important in the early stages of the define and design stages of the project, expectations relative to time, quality and cost issues will need to be clearly defined, and agreed as they change, and so further formal discussions with the client are often advisable to ensure the avoidance of delay and uncertainty as the project develops. Time, quality and cost are important aspects of the merger and a cquisition process (Loosemore and Uher 2003 p. 130, p. 131, p. 132, p. 133, p. 134 and p.135). In several ways, these factors will underpin key objectives across the entire organization. As such it will be important to set time, quality and cost goals, and ensure that these are realistic, agreed in advance and based on consultation and consensus, where this is possible (Lock, D (2007) p 29; Maylor, H (2010)). Cox, D. (2010) suggests that cost control and schedule control are key factors in the management of time, quality and cost. Realistic project budgets should be set in advance, based on realistic information and projections. Additionally, the project budget will need to be monitored as the stakeholders involved move out of the define and design stage, and so the define and design stage should incorporate an appropriate system to ensure that cost control, quality control and cost monitoring, and quality monitoring are possible. The management of time, quality and cost in th e define and design stage may also require a system of performance reporting to be devised. As Cox (2010, p. 171) notes this involves periodically collecting data and comparing it with â€Å"baseline†, and â€Å"actual† data, perhaps drawn from the wider industry, or notional data that original projections were based upon. Performance reporting will allow for time, quality and cost issues to be flagged up at an early stage to notify key stakeholders whether, and what type of intervention may be required. 2.4 Due diligence in the define and design phase Due diligence is one of the most important issues facing management in the early stages of a merger and acquisition. It is one of the key risks that organizations can be exposed to during the process of merger and acquisition, since it exposes the new organization to a heightened risk of expensive litigation. In terms of a downstream oil company operation, one of the key challenges in this context will be communication with employees in the disparate structure of an oil company operation. Of course these risks can be mitigated by the project manager in the define and design stage. Accordingly, the project manager will need to gather key information on all existing employees so that risks can be evaluated in advance, and so that a plan of action can be set out, evaluated and implemented as the project moves out of the define and design stage (Lock, D (2007); Maylor, H (2010) p 219). Managers will need to be trained, and key information about employees will need to be gathered and managed electronically to ensure that appropriate, and thorough processes of due diligence can be carried out effectively. This information may be gathered by the project manager in the define and design stage, and the project manager could assess what the best training, and communication strategies will be for the newly merged organization. 2.5 The use of consultancy expertise in the define and design phase Consultancy expertise is expensive, particularly for an organization in transition as this one is. Additionally, the usefulness of consultancy expertise can be a very variable factor in terms of its contribution to the overall success of the company (Maylor, H (2010) p 222). In the define and design stage, the project manager can ensure that the use of consultancy expertise is well-planned and assessed in terms of its value to the organization as a whole. Consultancy input is something that is susceptible to evaluation, and thus the project manager in the define and design stage can devise an appropriate system of evaluation to ensure that cost expenditure on this type of external expertise is monitored, and that costs are justified (Lock, D (2007); Maylor, H (2010) p 227). 3.0 Coursework conclusion This coursework has considered the topics of stakeholder expectations, project constraints, time, quality and cost control, due diligence and the use of consultancy expertise from the point of view of the project manager in the define and design stage of a major process of merger and acquisition. The project manager, and the client are usually the key contenders at the beginning of the define and design stage. This is the point where communication is likely to be most critical, and clear, goals, boundaries, objectives, duties and responsibilities need to be set out. This is particularly key in the process of merger and acquisition which requires the management of numerous internal and external stakeholders engaged in the process in complex ways. It is advisable to ensure that early communication is approached in a comprehensive and formal manner, since this is likely to minimize the risk of project delay as the define and design stage develops and enters more critical executi on phases. It has been suggested that written communication is preferable in this phase, that formal reporting strategies should govern communication to a large degree, and that comprehensive records of discussions should be kept to ensure that what is agreed is explicit, and can be identified retrospectively. As the project develops into more advanced stages of the define and design stage the project manager should adopt a consultative approach to ensure that problems are identified in advance, and particularly in the case of a merger and acquisition process consultation should engage internal and external stakeholders. Additionally, the project manager will need to adopt strategies that will allow for appropriate progress, and performance monitoring. Additionally, it has been suggested that the project manager will need to devise and implement strategies to ensure appropriate leadership, training, selection, recruitment, procurement, organizational communication and stakeholder engagement. As such the project manager in the â€Å"define and design† stage will primarily be concerned with planning effective strategy in these areas and the mitigation of risks that are associated with change, and organizational transition. Bibliography Berkun, S. 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