Concentric Circle Approach To Defence And Foreign Policy Politics Essay

Concentric Circle Approach To Defence And unknown Policy Politics EssaySecurity perspective after Cold War has changed tremendously. Not keep out that democracy has to deal with external military aggression, it also has to go through overwhelming ch anyenges of non- conventional warrantor department paying backs. Among the issues argon terrorism, ethnic conflict, sea piracy, smuggling of illegal weapon and drug trafficking1. In this case, Ind unitysia is non an exceptional. Although Indonesia has been cautious to separately action taken by any(prenominal) states within its geostrategic bea since 1945 (after free-lance today), the concentration habituated by Indonesia government since mid-1990s is more on the non-traditional issues that stuff states national political stability, unity, territorial equity and thence to its sovereignty. This is partly due to the persona where it is fixed, that is (to a certain extent) s remit and less prone to the state-to-state conf lict. In this case, the traditional affright of aggression from opposite countries is very un homogeneously to happen in this sphere2, its military for wardness has to be intact to chastise all mentioned non-traditional security issues that it is currently confront with3. For Indonesia, the dynamic shift of threat from non-taditional to traditional security may manifest themselves in the form of invasion or aggression from another(prenominal)(prenominal)(a) countries4 curiously when considering the case of 9/11 terrorist attack and the reaction taken by United States and its assort in their mission on the world-wide war on terror in Afghanistan as an instance.Concious with the challenges that impede Indonesia lately particularly when we look at terrorist Bali bombard in 2002 and J.W. Marriott bombings in 20035, the twin-suicide bombing at the J.W Marriott and Ritz-Carlton hotels in 2009, as sanitary as its unresolve issues of armed separatist movement imposed by Free Pap ua relocation (OPM)6, has made Indonesia aw atomic number 18 that if the government did not stamp down such non-traditional security issues effectively, it would cause more political, stinting and social instability than what Indonesia is currently facing with. Thus, in hallow to overcome such situations, Indonesia through its refutation military strength and contrasted insurance has been used as a guideline to cite states order as considerably as its home(a) wager or farmingal security.The question is what is Indonesias defense lawyers and remote form _or_ system of government? How does Indonesia lend oneself its resources to overcome the traditional and the non-traditional security threat considering the challenges that it has to face peculiarly when domestic instability is eminent. Apart from that, how does Indonesia synergise its exoneration and foreign policy to overcome the problem? What merciful of get that Indonesia use to pre religious service its own na tional interest? And what exactly is Indonesia national interest?By considering its security threats this paper argues that i) on one die, Indonesia mobilises or use its armed forces to tackle the problems that occur, in which the preservation of states sovereignty and territorial integrity is its primary goal. ii) Indonesia, on the other hand utilises its foreign policy as a synergy in maintaining and achieving states national interest through different type of strategies. iii) This paper allow for conclude that, as in the case of Indonesia foreign and self-abnegation policy cannot be separated especially when discussing states security perceptions and the strategy that it use to overcome it. In this case, state (Indonesia) uses its two statecrafts (state strategies) through the use of force as well as diplomacy as its major instrument in preserving and maitaining its national interest.Therefore, this paper will highlight, first, Indonesia intimate and external security threats . Second, Indonesia defence policy in addition to its strategic national interest and third, this paper will focus on its foreign policy and approach taken by Indonesia in synergising its defence and foreign policy as a method of preserving and maintaing its national interest.2.0 INDONESIA INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SECURITY THREATAs the Republic of Indonesia enters the stratum of 2010, and celebrates its 65th Independence Day in August of the uniform year, it is evident that the security concern of the state will come about to be dominated by the same issues that it faced a decade ago. In fact the major concern of Indonesian government is unlikely from external threat of aggression kinda their internal or domestic political instability. It was stated in the white paper issued in 2003 when Indonesian government acknowledged for the first time on the persistence of non-traditional security issues that occurs in the country7.A glance at Indonesias security perceptions, internally despi te a relative improvement in the sparing phylogeny as well as its political situation, Indonesia faces tremendous difficulty in overcoming at least(prenominal) three 3 light upon security issues or challenges i) the threat of terrorism, ii) protracted secessionist movements, and iii) the re plication of common violence. Externally, the war on terrorism both at the regional and global levels continues to place Indonesia at the centre of regional and global attention. In this case, the nature of Indonesian government responses to the problem of terrorism, in which the government is constrained with its domestics capabilities in pertaining to the chat network level and its locals sensitivity to curb terrorism within the country, is putting the Indonesian government in a state of strain particularly on its relations with the outside world regionally ASEAN as the whole, its close neighbour Australia as well the United States.The security environment of Indonesia stay ons volati le since it retains independent status in 1945. In this case, the most security challenges faced by the government of Indonesia now remain the threat of terrorism8910. Being the world broadst archipelago with the biggest Muslim and multicultural macrocosm in the world, Indonesia certainly has a multi-diverse complexity in maintaining order and security. In this particular context, terrorism has drop dead the threat to the safety of the nation, point a threat to democracy and civil society11. Despite the successes of arresting and prosecuting hundreds of terrorism suspects, radical groups were until now active in recruiting parvenue members. Since the bombing of Toserba Ramayana, Jakarta on January 2nd 1999 until the twin-suicide bombing at the J.W Marriott and Ritz-Carlton hotels in 2009, terrorism threat in Indonesia has increased tremendously12. Ten years of receiving consistence terrorisation from the terrorist group, thither has been a upright doubt, if not pessimism, in the country whether the government has the ability to find and deal with the conflict in a swift and firm manner. The government faced a difficult task of equilibrise the need to crack down terrorist networks and the imperative of taking into account terrorist group activities13.Apart from terrorism, Indonesia at the same time faces major threats from armed separatist movement14. In fact, the armed separatist movements were not new to Indonesian government. As early as 1950s (during the tenure of Sukarno until today President Bambang Yudhoyono), the primary verifiable given by Indonesia government are still the same which is maintaining order at the domestic level especially to the case that derived from armed separatist movements which happened in East Timor15(now Timor Leste), West Papua16(still happening), and even in Aceh17 land1819. In other words, its main task is safeguarding Indonesias territorial integrity. Aside from territorial integrity comes national stinting strateg ic interest and states sovereignty. altogether these interest embedded in the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution. Among others, State has to safeguard and treasure the sovereignty of the state, territorial integrity of the Republic of Indonesia, the nations safety and pride, and at the same time involve actively in efforts to create world peace20.Communal conflicts that happened in Maluku, South Sulawesi (Poso), in Kalimantan (Sanggau Ledo, Sampit, Sambas) was also considered as one of the major security threat facing by Indonesia from within21. So much so, it requires serious attention from the central government. Indonesia is a heterogeneous state. With a vast number of ethnic residing in a country as well as the geographical characteristic as an island nation makes it easy for communal conflicts to occur. The issue that triggered the conflict was mainly due to a religious (Maluku and Poso, Sulawesi) and racial (West Kalimantan) background22. In fact, to nigh extent it was also triggered by an intergroup exclusivity and the socio- scotch gap. According to Jones23, in her report says, one of the things we read is how changing population balances among different ethnic and religious groups has led to certain kinds of tensions, often with one group feeling that it is to a lower place siege by another. The loss caused by communal conflict is enormous it causes waves of evacuation, tremendous suffering of people, casualties and large material loss. In fact, the biggest communal conflict is ruined national solidarity and the bond of unity as a nation.Indonesias external threat perceptions on the other hand remain shaped primarily by internal sources of instability and conflict and suspicious of involvement of foreign actors in those internal conflicts. Indonesias elite, both civilian and military, continue to express concern over the possible involvement of foreign countries not only in the regional rebellions such as Aceh and Irian Jaya (Papua) but also in th e spate of terrorist attacks across in the country, especially the Bali bombings. slightly Indonesians believe that there is an worldwide conspiracy (especially by the West) to undermine Indonesias stability and security through the issue of terrorism24. Many also recent the fact the international community, especially the United States, has come to see Indonesia as a hotbed of terrorism. These sensitivities among government officials, political, community leaders, and the public at large have in turn brought about a degree of uneasiness for Indonesia in both its relationship with neighbouring countries in the regional war on terrorism and its relations with the United States25.3.0 INDONESIA DEFENCE insurance policy AND ITS STRATEGIC NATIONAL INTERESTIn analysing Indonesias defence policy and its strategic interest, this paper will highlight few grand things. First, this paper will look at its defence policy, the nature of its national interest as well as its strategic interest in overcoming states security challenges.The map of Indonesia. Source http//www.electricscotland.com/thomson/ deviseions10.htm.Date of Accessed 1 October 2010.The primary legal documents charge on defence policy are the 1945 Constitution and the Defence Act (Law No.20) of 198226. Constituted under oblige 30 of the Constitution, it is stated clearly that the duty of the state government is to hold dear all Indonesians (citizens) in all aspect from any threat. The notion to protect Indonesias citizens, however, is part and parcel of Indonesias national interest that is to safeguard and to protect the sovereignty of the state, the territorial integrity, the nations safety as well as its pride27. The foci of Indonesias defence and security are therefrom, represented in conventional term as a series of concentric cirle emanating from Jakarta. In providing a clear picture of this defence and security strategy, the main domain that covers the most or hot heavens of Indonesias securi ty is its land and maritime borders (strecting up to its Zone Economy Exclusive, ZEE).The second circle, on the other hand covers the area of its neighbouring countries as well as the region where it is located. In this particular context, what ever happens in the region will shiply or indirectly gives impact on the security aspect of Indonesia especially when it is located at one of the most important trade sea-lane that connect the West and the East streching from Indian sea to the Straits of Malacca and the South China Sea. Thus, on account of its strategic position, it is important for Indonesian fortify Forces to maintain its national jurusdiction especially when almost all countries in the world rely heavily on Indonesias stability and security as well as its self-defence capacity for its own national resiliency28. In other words, the development of a strong and flexible state apparatus, political and social gluiness and a ruboust economical infrastructure which enables In donesia to defend itself and contribute to the defence of the region.Defence Act 1982, on the other hand leave behinds a basic provisions of the defence and security of the Republic of Indonesia. It is a notable document that mentioned the social and political functions of Indonesian Armed Forces. Lowry29stated thatThe act states that national defence and security includes defence a enlightenst both external and internal threats amd that these threats may be directed against national freedom, sovereignty, national unity and solidarity, the integrity of the nation and national jurisdiction, and the values of the national idealogy Pancasila as well as the constitution. The Act also explained that the threat can be overcome by thoroughgoing peoples resistance within a system of total peoples defence (Sishankamrata). It was designed to marshal and mobilise the nations physical, moral and material resources.In order to attain the desired goals, Indonesia has highlghted few startegies. Among them are abiding strategic interest, urgent strategic interest and the international cooperation in defence which underlies in future strategic interest. All of these embedded in Indonesias Strategic Defence Interest30. The permanent strategic defence interest of Indonesia is the administration of defence to guard and protect the countrys sovereignty and the unityof Indonesia and the countrys honour from all threat, either from outside or from inside of the country. In order to protect all these interests, it is important to be prepared to defend the country without regard for the argument as to whether or not a cover threat exists. In carrying out permanent defence interest, Indonesia will always maintain a bed for peace, independence and sovereignty. Thus, in resolving every conflicts and dispute, Indonesias will always first put forward diplomatic efforts and the use of force will be mobilised if the diplomatic means fail. Therefore, the Indonesia chooses an active de fensive strategy in its defences.Indonesias urgent strategic interest on the other hand is directed to overcome actual security issues, which action could undermine and distrupt indonesias sovereignty and unity. In line with this, there are few security threats that Indonesia has to overcome with. The security issues, nonetheless, are heavily concentrated on the non-traditional security issues that emerge within the country. This includes fighting and overcoming the international threat at home and abroad, overcome the disturbances of armed separatist movements, counter radicalism and solve communal conflicts, overcome international crime as well assisting the government in handling natural disaster or any humanitarian activity31.As part of the international community, Indonesias pursue its third form of direct defence strategy based on international cooperation interest. In this case, Indonesia realise that other than the use of force as part of its statecraft strategy, Indonesia i s committed to create a peace and good relations with other countries especially with its neighbour, the regional context and the world based on trust and cooperation. In fact, it cannot release itself from any connection with the world in the effort to achieve its desired goals. For Indonesia, this is the best strategy that could protect the nation from any external aggression especially in a form of state-to-state war. It is ecapstulated as part of Indonesias regional resilience. As a former secretary general of the Department of Defence and Security put it we moldiness defend further forward by befriending our neighbours and even by possesing the same threat perceptions (Quoted in Lowry32). Recognising the limitations of its resources, Indonesia thus seeks a balance of interest rather than a balance of business leader33. In order to fulfil the requirement in upholding states national interest, Indonesia defence policy has come out with a strategic defence in which it should ens ure the accomplishment of its national interest and its international cooperation.4.0 INDONESIA FOREIGN POLICY AND THE LINGKAGES TO ITS DEFENCE POLICY IN PRESERVING ITS NATIONAL INTERESTAlthough Indonesian government recognises and stressing oftenly on the need to maintain internal order or domestic political stability as well as territorial integrity as a primary objective for its defence strategy, this does not mean that other form of strategy is neglected. Indonesia, like other country in the world, pursue diplomatic statecraft as its first agenda especially at the international level. In this case, Indonesia apply active defensive approach or as what Lowry34coined as forward defence. As its defence policy, Indonesias foreign policy is also uniquely influenced by its domestic events.Indonesias foreign and defence policy has always been a reflection of the beliefs and the actions of policymakers who are influenced, in varying degrees and ways by the society and the international s ystem in which it operates. Although Indonesia has withnessed different kind of leadership and approach that has been taken on its foreign policy, there has been no major changes being made by the Indonesian leaders except for some concentrations at the substantial issues like, the issuence of stabilizing political order and combating terrorism by President Megawati and diliberating and extending economic resilience during the tenure of Abdul Rahman Awahid and B.J. Habibie. All of these could be said as the extraneous variables that has influnced Indonesias foreign policy. Over all, the domestic imperatives such as commitment on the need to stabilise domestic politics, to preserve states territorial integrity and sovereignty as well to maintain states economic development has dominantly influence Indonesia foreign policy until today. What kind of approach that has been taken is rather different from one leader to another.As mentioned ealier, Indonesia foreign policy is a synergy to Indonesias defence policy. In this case, it requires extensive participation at the regional level as well as at the global level. For instance, under the tenure of President Bambang Yudhoyono, Indonesia is currently focusing on a new foreign policy outlook claimed as securing Thousand friends and Zero Enemies35. Under this policy Indonesia is piteous towards attaining and try to emerge as a responsible power (Middle Power) in the Southeast Asia region. It is carefully provide as to improve relations with every nation in the region through bilateral and three-party means. This includes promoting justice and order at the international arena, better investment policy for economic development, democracy and consolidation in regional integration as well as maintaining national unity. All of these strategies are important for Indonesia as one of the method that could improve Indonesias image at the internatioal fora esecially against all allegations of human rights abuses conducted against armed separatist movements in Aceh and Papua. For that, Indonesia is pursuing an active and independent approach3637The necessity in conducting its foreign policy in constructivist approach is to denotes the ability to turn adversary into friend and to turn friend into partner. All of these are important as to provide a conducive environement in the region for the better future development based on thrust, confidence building38. With such sitiation, all disputes and conflicts could be settle at the table of discussion through a diplomatic approach rather than aggressiveness. In this case, Indonesia will therefore not to use its forces as a method of finding solution. To prove this kind of things as important as it is, Indonesia, as of to this date, has not engaged in any military alliance with a foreign policy especially in securing its own capacity to influence world order or international relations. For that, Indonesia advocates that all Southeast Asian states develop the ir full economic, political and social potential while cooperating extensively with each other. This is the hope that could boster external aggression or challenges. At one level, this could be a security caramel for Indonesia if the region could be persuaded to act in unison to twart the incursion of hegemonic influence. However, no other nations are hot to serve as security buffer for Indonesia39.Indonesias contributions to international security remain limited and focused on the regional level, especially in the war against terrorism. Indonesia has signed a number of antiterrorism agreements with some regional states. The Bali bombings and the Marriott bombing have not persuaded Jakarta to publicly-support the involvement of external powers in regional problems in which Indonesia continues to prefer regional solutions to regional problems.Apart from that, Indonesias foreign policy goal is to emerge as a responsible power in the Southeast Asian region. It is a unique amalgamatio n of the two schools of thought and policy of modification to the changing geopolitical and geostrategic compulsions. Being the world largest archipelago with the biggest Muslim population is again trying to gain leadership position in the region through a constructive and cooperative gestures and balanced negotiate between major powers. In fact, Indonesias foreign policy is based upon a number of cherished principles that reflect the countrys sense of national identity, how it wishes to protect and pursue its national interests vis--vis other countries, and the shape of the desirable world order. On 19 September 1999, President B.J. Habibie signed Act no. 37 of 1999 on Foreign Relations, which was very the first such Act on foreign policy, signed since trigger Indonesias independence. This Act formally stipulates key principles of Indonesias foreign policy that had been practiced for most of the countrys existence.In that context, Indonesia consistently expresses the hope that t he ASEAN will continue to serve as the main vehicle for regional countries to fight with security challenges in the region, especially non-traditional threats such as terrorism. During the 2003, ASEAN Summit in Bali, Indonesia obtained agreement from other ASEAN members to transform the organisation into a security community by 2020. Indonesia has also called for an increase in intra-ASEAN maritime cooperation to provide more and more security aspect of the region as well as to its own country.5.0 CONCLUSIONBeing the world largest archipelago with the biggest Muslim and multicultural population, Indonesia is trying it best to play a leadership role and at the same time struggling to maintain order mainly from its domestic instability as well as external security threats. Overseeing its defence, security as well as its foreign relations has proven complex in sense considering its size, location, economic underdevelopment, geographical fragmentation and ethnic and religious diversity . However, since its Independence, Indonesian leaders have managed to manoeuvre the state and provide cohesion and national identity under a unitary state.Looking at its foreign affairs, Indonesia has become a major political force in Southeast Asia. With its power resources mainly from its population, huge area of territory, vast number of natural resources and its potential market makes it important at the international arena especially in the region of rapid economic growth. Indonesia has taken a traditional-middle power role or approach in encouraging continued US engagement in the region as a stabilising force during the current period of transition (referring to Indonesias domestic politics from guided democracy with vast come up of military involvement in the administration to civilian control). Moreover, the encouragement is also due to the fact of dubiousness especially with the rising of Chinas power in the future regional order. Nonetheless, it also need China to get i nto into the regional community is some form of cooperative or common security arrangement to stop the formation of competing power blocs.Indonesia sought to change the pattern of its external relations. The pattern usually occurred in harm of partnership as well the type of activity that it involves. At home, Indonesias traditional defence strategy has been one of national self-reliance based on total peoples defence with the armed force as the ticker of the nations arms. However, there are some challenges that it has to overcome with. Indonesia in this case acknowledged that their major difficulties are to cope with the vast number of islands as well as with the vast number of ethnic residing in the country. All of these could be tackled through an active participation from the population to help maintain order. However, globalisation is somehow another and big challenge to Indonesia as more and more population becoming more political democratic, think interdependence economic development based on open market, there is no way that it could obviate for the population to become more individualistic than ever. It has somehow deteriorating the nationalism of the population.ENDNOTES