The Cultural Capital Defined Cultural Studies Essay

The Cultural Capital Defined Cultural Studies assayThe chapter provides a theoretical understanding of pagan swell from the perspective of ethnical bulky(p) from the perspective of skylarks consumption. Scholarly journals ar reviewed to give readers an understanding of the role of ethnical dandy do in the area of shimmers. The chapter commences with broad issues concerning the stem and narrowed to focus on the study in gold coast.2.1 Cultural hood definedCultural capital surfaced in academic work virtually 25 old age ago in the work of Bourdieu and Gouldner, and after that references were made in other fields as evolutionary biology (Cohen, cited in Ahbeysekera et. Al, 2004) a literary criticism (Guillory, 1993).Bourdieu from one move sees capital as position, in this case the power stems from a communal or geomorphologic leg which accumulates power for a person to gain an economical advantage in the short or long term (Bourdieu, 1990). From another angle and wi th reference to linguistic and ethnical capital, Bourdieu advances a case that parent of the plaza family unit use hysteriaural capital to propagate and advance their economic fortunes (Bourdieu, 1984).Several studies subscribe attributed cultural capital as being insert in family background and didactics and make water made connections mingled with judge based power and having various types of cultural capital (Gayo-Cal, Savage, and Warde, 2006 Warde, 2006 Warde, Martens, and Olsen. 1999).Bourdieu 1997 identifies the three framing of cultural capital as Embodied, Objectified and Institutional cultural capital. Embodied cultural capital is explained as the permanent record of the mind and body (Bourdieu, 1997). Objectified cultural capital is better explained with its operation. Examples are the interpretation of say, paintings or the force to play instruments. As Bourdieu point s off one cigarette fully appreciate objectified cultural capital except they squirt unf old its consumption (Bourdieu, 1997 Silva, 2006). This explanation in a musical mode demonstrates how objectified cultural capital is learnt or palled on over time, according to Sullivan, 2001 families with well-resourced cultural capital pass on through a mechanism of hands on tutoring through their free time by attending art exhibitions, theaters, mettlesomelighting inning the need for education and mannerism. Institutional cultural capital according to Bourdieu is the formalized and systemized recognition accorded both embodied and objectified forms of cultural capital. Through this system the substantial range of the capital is scaled and its extrinsic value made let (Bourdieu, 1997). fit to Bourdieu 1984 education through formal means is one of the hear sources of cultural capital as teaches learners the intangible values associated with cultural knowledge. The temperament of asylumal cultural capital in supporting typic value shapes and improves rules of order. T his form of cultural capital and the well-disposed structure it provides makes for a in person advantaged position (Bourdieu and Wacquant, 1992).In looking at the relationship between cultural capital and social status and also showing the essence of out of date highbrow cultural capital to social status, a study conducted indicated that high class socio-economic groups had access and could to relate to an array of cultural capital forms compared to the disdain groups (Peterson and Kern, 1996).2.2 Capital and emblematic powerAccording to Bourdieu 1990 power is imagined as symbolic power created through discretionary values associated with various types of economic, social and cultural capital that spate own. One of the crucial points that have come out strongly is the link of cultural capital to symbolic power and how this creates note allowing higher(prenominal) social status in society through symbolic capital. According to Bourdieu 1997 symbolic capital creates benefits thr ough tangible properties, such as material acquisitions, which further puts those who own it at an advantage. This claim for higher power is emphasized and legitimized through symbolic capital (Swartz, 1997). As symbolic systems are move overed within society these structures shape and inform our habitus and whence create permanent characters learnt over a period that inform the way throng think of the social environment and the way people fly the coop in it (Bourdieu, 1990 Swartz, 1997 Edwards, 2009).2.3 Cultural Consumption of SportsSporting preferences are made on social and cultural reproduction and class lines along the similar directions as the preference for music and the humanistic discipline (Bourdieu 1978 1984). He mentioned that various sports are pecked otherwise in the social and cultural hierarchy. Wilson 2002 states that according to Bourdieu (1978 1984) each sport requires the fitting judge and preference and a peculiar sets of skills and knowledge to rivea ke which he calls cultural capital.Separation among people is created through gustatory modality consumption and acts a means of social distinction among people. A group through its taste and preferences jakes organise or disassociate itself from society and can be used to create some status for the niche separating it from the mass woo taste of the rest of the group. Holt (1998) argues that the things that are valued in domain of a functions as the arts and theater attending are mystified in rituals of taste and consumption. In the quest to improve ones standing in society and better the lifes of their posterity theres is a perpetual pursuit of improving ones social standing in a progressive manner so as to restore the differentiate position. DiMaggio and Useem 1978 summed this up by saying accumulated cultural capital improves opportunities in life by turning this capital advantage into social and economic progress in future. The hierarchies within society are crucial in u nderstanding the grade of people that attend high cultural activities (DiMaggio and Useem, 1978 Matty, 2004 Tampubolon, 2007).It has been determine in a couple of search studies that sport is less genuine when compared to other consumption fields. Indeed, it was noted by Warde 2006 that Bourdieu acknowledges the essence of sports and body maintenance in the storage and exhibition of cultural capital. Bourdieu also noted that ones dissolute appeal is complimentary to their lifestyle and serves as a distinction from others (Warde, 2006). In his study- cultural capital and the place of sports, Warde 2006 revealed that the high class society had taste for rare sports, not only that but Wilson 2002 in his study- paradox of social class and sports involvement, reinforces Bourdieus framework that those with highly accumulated riches tend to introduce in sports largely but also more(prenominal) inclined to disunite themselves from circular sports.The type of sports chosen by peopl e to crackicipate in cannot entirely be dependent on the cultural resource factors, as noted by Warde 2006 in his English study, gender, age, ethnicity contributed to the pattern of sports participation. Also, there have been overwhelming support provided in literature that beyond cultural capital ones socio-economic position, education, gender influenced their choice of sporting activity (Sturgis and Jackson, 2003 Gayo-Cal, 2006).2.4 Patterns of Cultural CapitalA survey (2003-2004) conducted by the centre for research into socio-economic change (CRESC) UK to examine record of cultural capital in the UK and the degree to which cultural capital can aggregate or disaggregate social groups. The survey used 1564 respondents and the results revealed a elapse distinction taste, cognition and participation in across gender, education and class across cultural fields among others music, visual arts, dining out (Gayo-Cal et al., 2006 Gayo-Cal, Warde, and Tampubolon, 2005). The groups that had higher education and those within higher social class were highly winding in cultural activity than their lower aim counterparts respectively in the area of education and social class. There were indication from the preliminary results that education and the hierarchy of occupation was passed onto generations such that parents with high education ensure that their children halt equal or if not better opportunities to ensure better opportunities and reward jobs (Gayo-Cal et al., 2006).Along work lines, Bennett et al. 2011 established that employers, negociaters and professionals are well informed on cultural artifacts in its widest form by lower class with a higher degree of cultural education whether formal or informal. This point was reinforced by Erickson 1996 that managers tend to be more informed on relatively more cultural domains due to their professional fit to move with more people. There is suggestion that occupations embrace professionals with compatible cultur al capital merit as the professional are able to appreciate and capture occupation standards (Sommerland, 2007) and the amount of cultural capital held can be consequential (Peterson and Kern, 1996).2.5 Cultural Capital and SportsIt is often usual to see some kind of sports activity in societies irrespective of the part of the world and this can be attributed to wanting to associate with a group. According to Etizen and Sage 2003 sports is counted as part of the few human activities that can bond a community in any part of the world. Weiss 2001 concedes that few people participate in sports for public assistance but for the majority it is as a result of the quest to align and identify with others and also reinforce their personalities. Consequently sports can be employed so as to establish ones cultural personal identity (Stodolska and Alexandris, 2004).Contrary to the to a higher place sports can be used as a catalyst for elimination and propagate selectivity among groups an d people. Culturally popular sports are recognized and given more attention giving them more social capital and power (Light and Kirk 2001). For illustration social groups including families reproduce social advantages through private school attention which is recognized for its exclusivity (Light and Kirk, 2001).The absence of partaking in any sports activity is tantamount to societal isolation and this result in anti-social tendencies that pave the way on undercut ones chances of socialization, education and professional ascension (Majumdar, 2003). Cricket in India is a superb example of such marked exclusion. incarnate sponsors have branded the plucky as elitist and the sole preserve of the educated and affluent sine post-independence (Majumdar, 2003). Corporate Institutions have clear policies for player recruitment and they attach a great deal of importance to education this also is a criteria in scathe of their reward system as the level of ones education affects how m uch allowance one receives. There is monopoly through high fees from cricket clubs preventing the less favor to have access to the sports (Majumbar, 2003). It is paramount to appreciate what leads to the association of particular groups of people with certain(p) sports activities and its function in the reproduction of socio-economic differences in a society (Washington and Karen, 2001). Ii is the duty of incumbent spots managers to ascertain the relationship between sports participation and socio-cultural capital in order to phantom how to equalize this dissimilarity and give the less privileged adequate representation if desired.Globalization has marginalized traditional cultures and ethnic social systems and promoting identical societies (Hochschild, 2006). Despite this global approach of unison and the expression of western views sports can also promote the minority groups by playing a role in maintaining foreign identities and keeping plethoric national ties (Giossos, 2008 Lee, 2006). International sporting activities handle the Olympics, Commonwealth spunkys and FIFA worldcup are avenues for devotees and participants to establish and exhibit their cultural tie (Yoh, Yang and Gordon, 2008).2.6 Sports fans and consumptionA fan is enthusiastic and committed of a particular sports consumptive object (Hunt, Bristol and Bashaw, 1999). In this get word a fan is a consumer of an organize sport. The term committed shows the level of attachment fans associate with the sports. Fans are also driven to act for the sport. A sport consumption object can be the sport, team or even the organized leaque or personalities like players, coaches/ managers, commentators who are strongly associated with a sport. Several fans exist as they differ in their sort and motivating (Hunt, Bristol and Bashaw, 1999). Current concepts have focused on team performance as the main driver of fan behavior (Cialdidni et al., 1976 Grove et al., 1991 Mann, 1974 Wann and Dolan, 1994) .Our appreciation sports fan is limited and fan motivation and its consequent behavior extend teams and certain situations have no connection to team performance (Fisher and Wakefield, 1998). In addition, nigh studies have concentrated on ticket sales and feeble attendance as the ultimate goal in the exchange between sports marketers and fans. beyond this, sports marketing involve corporate sponsorship, sports prafenelia, sovenirs, stadia branding, sports publications and others (Bandyopadhyaya and Bottone, 1997). Thus the need to shift research study into other areas to fill the gaps identified in fan behavior and consumption.2.7 Sports consumption- fandom and cults in sportsFan is the short version of fanatic and entreats religion in sporting contest and competitions (Borland and Macdonald, 2003). Fandom is part of the system of sports instituted so that people can be part of the game without partaking (Branscombe et al., 1991). The concept inspires social advantages as together ness, belongingness and partnership but also self-esteem (Zillman et al., 1993). Fans get ecstatic by the unmixed fact that they are fans (Kimble and Cooper, 1992). This passion and energy which is transformed into the mood of the fans is goaded by the sport they are supporting and the outcome of a game lingers onto other unrelated activities immediately after (Hirt et al., 1992). He also defines fandom as an association to a sport/ team with great deal of mad importance and treasure from this membership (Hirt et al., 1992).A retainer of sport does not translate to mean they are fans (Funk and James, 2001). Further distinction is provided on what constitutes a follower and a fan of sports, chase witness a game without much attachment but fans are passionate in supports and transcends beyond watching a game, they are committed on a passing(a) basis (Jones, 1997). Several distinctions have been made between who a follower of a sport is compared to a fan and this borders on the degree of stirred up attachment and level of commitment offered by the supporter (Anderson, 1979 Hunt et al., 1999 Stewart and Smith, 1997 Tapp and Clowes, 2002 Pimentel and Reynolds, 2004). According to Wann and Pierce (2003) the accuracy of measurement of the level of identification/commitment is innate to sports psychologists and marketers due to the fact that the degrees of response of sports fans are usually a function of their commitment and level of association with the sport.Sports consumption creates fandom as seen above and this has the tendencies of creating cults in sports. As witnessed earlier in the section being a part of like-minded people is rewarding and one of the key ingredients of cult and cult brands is that they maintain the distinction that keeps their members together (Atkins, 2004) and therefore alienate others by this same argument. On the surface it may seem that cult is non-existent in the domain of sports as this is usually associated to religion. It has been argued that sports is competitive, versatile and a personal activity hostile to religion which is grounded on a communal system and is non-competitive in nature (Prebish, 1993).A sport is likened to religion and because it is rooted in a lifelike cause (Novak, 1995). Further, Brody (1979) that the joint nature of supporters of organized sports is partly religious in nature. The important point is how groupings are created and the resulting in exclusion of others. According to Percy and Taylor (1991) followers of teams maintain rituals of essential symbolic artifacts as apparels, food and type of ally they choose which are sacred in the ritual of sports.2.8 Sports Affiliation social rank of a group is driven by the aspiration to keep a distinction from other social groups (Madrigal, 2002). An aspect of membership identification and affiliation is the act of rites such as gathering souvenirs, match attendance and considering the sport as part of ones identity. There is stre ngth and a sense of identity in associating with a group. There is difficulty in creating self-images in the absence of group association (Tajfel, 1982). Closer ties with a group allow individuals to get the positive traits of a group for oneself and take on more common with others within the group (Fisher and Wakefield, 1998 Tajfel and Turner, 1986).Cultural capital is gained by sports fans through the acceptation of labels (Richardson, 2004) from the group- the appreciation of how to consume in the socially sanctioned manner.2.9 History of gold coast SportsThe subject of cultural capital and Ghana sports can be fit(p) in the countrys sporting history and particularly football and the love the people of Ghana have for the game. Ghana has a rich football inheritance with a great deal of chronicled successes, includes memorable milestones as producing Arthur Wharton, the number one stark professional footballer in the English game (Ghanaian Times. 2011 29) Ghana win the Africa n Cup of Nations football tournament four times. football game clubs like Accra Hearts of Oak have chalked over 100 old age with enviable local and continental record Hearts won the first ever football league in Ghana, an unprecedented six straightforward occasions, an unbeaten season and three continental- Confederations of Africa (CAF) trophies (Daily Graphic, 201231). Football is a competitive sport in Ghana attracting huge following and its nature of consumption is diverse. Football has produced fan groups along ethnic and regional lines in the country and families have a generation of loyalty to particular clubs. Above all, sports in Ghana tend to follow Bourdieus idea of distinction in consumption by virtue of ones cultural capital and appreciation of a sport. Golf, has only reliable some attention in the country in recent years due to the enormous attraction it receives from corporate institutions. Golf is second to football as far as private sector sponsorship funds is bear on (Anonymous, 2007).The overarching institution in charge of sports in the country is the National sports and came to establish through a presidential declaration. The National sports council is in place to improve, promulgate, and manage sports in the country with aim of fostering nationalism and professionalism that drives consistent wealth creation and infrastructural improvement (Anonymous, 2007). It is interesting to note that a similar institution the Gold Coast Amateur Sports Council existent in the Gold Coast, so Ghana established under the enactment of Ordinance 14, 1952 (www.sportscouncil.com.gh).