The topic of reducing cycle time

Chapter IILiterature ReviewThis chapter reviews old research and theories that cite the subject of cut downing rhythm clip, which is relevant to tilt constructs and simulation. The subject of this chapter are below.Product rhythm clip bettermentPrinciples of thinSimulation ModelingReview literatureResearch Frame workIn the past, most research focused on the development of dispatching and releasing regulations to better rhythm clip. With less limitation on the equipment, batch size decrease would be another alternate to shorten rhythm clip which considered apparatus clip and capacity restraints to work out the batch size job. Some constructs use thin fabrication to extinguish waste and non-value-added clip. Some bookmans used simulation methods to make the rhythm clip analysis by uniting simulation and computing machine algorithms to seek for the batch size for each single merchandise in a multi-product environment. Most of the past surveies sing batch size concentrated on traditional fabrication environments, with fixed demands and production rates. The primary end of this model was to minimise the entire production rhythm clip.2.1 Product rhythm clip bettermentCycle clip decrease involves placing and implementing more efficient ways to make things. Reducing rhythm clip requires extinguishing or cut downing non-value-added activities, which is defined as any activities that do non add value to the merchandise. Examples of non-value-added activities in which rhythm clip can be reduced or eliminated include fix due to defects, machine set-up, review and agenda holds. Explained by Kivenko ( 1994 )1.2.1 The component of fabricating lead clip can be farther divided into:Queue clip before processing.Put up clip.Run ( treating ) clip.Waiting clip after processing.Move clip.There is an of import follow-on consequence to cut downing the frequence of set-ups. Just as presenting computing machine integrated fabricating removes operator engagement and operator accomplishments wasting ( Coble and Bohn, 1997 ) , diminishing set-up frequence drives set-up proficiency down. The danger is an of all time downward spiral of cut downing set-up frequence and increasing batch size. Even when the operator component is reduced or replaced in â€Å" flexible † fabricating systems, the public presentation is in some instances worse than the manual system. Rather than bring forthing more assortment of lower v olume, these systems frequently produce less assortment of higher volume ( Meyer, 1993 ) . That is to state, set-up clip is reduced and batch size increased. ( Youngman, 2003 )2.1.2 BottleneckA constriction is the resource that constrains or limits the end product of the overall operating unit. In a line flow procedure design, the constriction is the procedure phase with the highest rhythm clip. In a occupation store or batch procedure design, the constriction can be more hard to place. Certain pieces of equipment and/or specific people may be used at multiple procedure phases. ( Prasad, 1995 )2.1.3 BATCH SIZEPage ( 2003 ) explained â€Å" batch † is the term usually used for the measure of a peculiar merchandise to be made all in one spell. An full batch of work might take several yearss to finish. Traditionally, this would affect the batch traveling through one operation at a clip, and it would n't be allowed to travel to the following operation until the full batch measure had gone through the current phase of processing. The batch is kept together like this to let the inspector a opportunity to compare the constituents from the beginning, center and terminal of the batch to specification all at the same clip. It is easy to maintain WIP on procedure. Schragenhein and Dettmer ( 2000 ) said that increasing batch size affects work-in-process stock list degrees, fabricating lead clip, local and planetary safety clip issues, and finished goods stock degrees by increasing them. Increased batch size affects quality and throughput by diminishing them. However, good thought-out alterations to critical batch sizes can enormously alter these parametric quantities within a procedure. It does so non by rushing up machine or procedure clip, but by cut downing idle clip when work sits on the workshop floor ( or office desk, or computing machine difficult disc ) between procedure points after cut down batch size found that smaller batches can travel much faster. Batch size issues at a formal degree have tended to be treated as a trade-off analysis or optimisation between set-up or ordination costs, storage and retention costs, and stock out costs ( Jaber and Bonner, 1996 ) . The attendant optimum batch size is known as the Economic Order Quantity or EOQ. ( Trigeiro, Thomas and Jo, 1989 ) . However, while most everyone knows about Economic Order Quantity, really few people of all time bother to cipher it. There is a far more cardinal driver to batch size. The cardinal driver is cut downing â€Å" non-productive † set-up clip, and maximising â€Å" productive † processing or machine clip. There are normally really strong measuring inducements – timesheets – which cause workshop floor forces to minimise set-up clip and maximise procedure clip. The easiest manner to make this is to diminish the frequence of set-ups by increasing the batch size. There is, nevertheless, another more elusive and less frequently expressed driver at work every bit good. ( Spearman, 1996 ) Some considerations when taking the figure for batch size: Koskela ( 1992 )If the figure is excessively big, the sum of queue infinite taken up on both terminals of the nexus becomes inordinate. Messages take up queue infinite when they are non committed, and can non be removed from waiting lines until they are committed.If there is likely to be a steady flow of messages, you can better the public presentation of a channel by increasing the batch size. However, this has the negative consequence of increasing restart times, and really big batches may besides impact public presentation.If message flow features indicate that messages arrive intermittently, a batch size of 1 with a comparatively big disconnect clip interval may supply better public presentation.Even though liable messages on a fast channel do non wait for a sync point, they do lend to the batch-size count.Thin rules can be used to better productiveness driven by workers, based on their cognition of the work and equipment , with the end of increasing value added work ( Holly and Gaskins, 2004 )2.1.4 Cycle clip is linked to other facets of ThinContinuous betterment leads to step betterments in rhythm clip one time takt times come down for all stairss.Standardized work is a cardinal to doing rhythm clip work on the floor.2.2 Principles of LeanLean was started at Toyota because they wanted a clear definition of client value. It acknowledges that all value is created by some procedure. Therefore, Lean can develop procedures that are waste or â€Å" muda † is defined by Shoichio Toyoda, laminitis of Toyota, as â€Å" anything other than the minimal sum of equipment, stuffs, parts, infinite and worker ‘s clip which are perfectly indispensable to add value to the merchandise. † Lean is a methodological analysis that is used to increase velocity and cut down the cost of any procedure by extinguishing waste. A Thin enterprise is to give a simple manner of understanding the impact of attemp ts through be aftering betterment activities, look intoing the consequences and doing appropriate accommodations. In add-on, Lean tools aid to find the fiscal impact of betterments such as increasing stock list bends, cut downing work-in-process and cut downing changeover clip. ( Ohno, 1990 ) The Toyota Production System ( TPS ) identifies seven signifiers of waste in fabrication, which Ohno calls â€Å" The Seven Deadly Wastes. † The wastes can be classified as follows:Overproduction: doing more than neededInventory: material puting around ( frequently a symptom of another waste )Defects: Time spent repairing defects, including defect that get thrown off and the clip make the merchandise rightWaiting: Waiting clip for making something..Over processing: devising to a higher quality criterion than expected by the client.Transportation system: extra moving of stuff.Gesture: inefficient people motion.Thin Manufacturing is an operational scheme oriented toward accomplishing the shortest possible rhythm clip by extinguishing waste. It is derived from the Toyota Production System and its cardinal push is to increase the value-added work by extinguishing waste and cut downing incidental work. The technique frequently decreases the clip between a client order and cargo, an d it is designed to radically better profitableness, client satisfaction, throughput clip, and employee morale. ( Michael and Kentaro, 1998 )2.2.1 Features of a Leans procedureThe features of Lean procedure aid to flux of procedure run every bit continuously as possible with a rapid rhythm clip. The precise description of each work station activity stipulating rhythm clip, take-time, the work sequence of specific undertakings, and the minimal stock list of parts on manus needed to carry on the activity ( Stenzel, 2007 ) . The features of thin procedures are:Make to orderSingle-piece productionJust-In-Time materials/pull programmingShort rhythm timesQuick conversionContinuous flow work cellsCompressed infiniteMulti-skilled employeesHigh first-pass outputs with major decreases in defects2.2.2 Thin toolsThin fabrication tools can decide many jobs in production lines. In This chapter we will concentrate on thin tools that concern this survey by utilizing standard work and rapid conversion.2.2.2.1 Standard Work: DefinitionThe definition of standard work was explained by Jeff Hajek ( 2009 ) a common term given to any aggregation of clip value. The format of the information is as tabular arraies or worksheets. The informations can be utilized in concurrence with deliberate rhythm clip but can non make up one's mind the operating parametric quantities for a works supplying a thin fabrication environment. Standard Work has three chief constituents:It is balanced to the takt clip.It specifies standard work-in-p rocess ( WIP ) .It defines the sequence of operations for a individual operator.The precise description of each work activity stipulating rhythm clip, undertaking clip, the work sequence of specific undertakings, and the minimal stock list of parts on manus needed to carry on the activity. Henry Ford said that â€Å" If you think of standardisation as the best that you know today, but which is to be improved tomorrow – you get someplace. But if you think of criterions as confining, so advancement Michigans. † Somnath Kundu ( 2008 ) studied the application of design mechanization to cut down rhythm clip of hydro turbine design. Because of the rapid growing in the demand for electricity and increased recognition hazards in the fiscal markets, there is a strong concern deriver? To cut down the design to committee rhythm clip of procedure. The first measure that is of import is standardisation. The key to success for any design mechanization undertaking is standardisation: The standardisation of the merchandise construction and design pattern and automatizing the same has given the user an border over its rivals. Front Line Professionals ( 2001 ) : said that Standardized work is one of the most powerful thin tools. Professionals that do the work on the floor can frequently outdo papers the current best patterns. Establishing standardised work relies on Roll uping and entering informations as it really happens. Such standardised patterns serve as the baseline for kaizen or uninterrupted betterment. As the criterion is improved, the new criterion becomes the baseline for farther betterments, and so on. Standardizing the work adds subject to the civilization, an component that is often neglected but indispensable for thin transmutation. Standardized work besides supports audits, promotes job resolution, and involves squad members in developing safety guards ( poka-yokes ) . All of the standardisation attempts need to be surrounded and embedded in the civilization of the thin organisation.2.2.2.2 Takt clip: DefinitionTakt Time comes from a German word ‘takt ‘ significance beat. The definition of Take clip was explained by Jon Miller ( 2003 ) is a 1 of the cardinal rules in a Thin Enterprise. Takt Time sets the ‘beat ‘ of the organisation in synch with client demand. Takt Time balances the work load of assorted r esources and identifies constrictions. Takt Time is a simple construct, yet counter-intuitive, and frequently baffled with rhythm clip or machine velocity. In order for fabricating cells and assembly lines to be designed and built Lean, a thorough apprehension of Takt Time is required. Takt Time is used to fit the gait of work to the mean gait of client demand. Takt is non a figure that can be measured and is non to be mistaken with rhythm clip, which is the clip it takes to finish one undertaking. Cycle clip may be less than, more than, or equal to Takt Time. The expression for Takt clip is: Takt clip = Net Available Time per Day Customer Demand per Day2.2.2.3 Rapid alteration overtimeSMED ( individual minute exchange of dice ) is a theory and tools set of techniques that make it possible to put up or alteration overtime equipment. Change overtime is the clip from when the last goods item/piece comes off a machine or out of a measure until the first good item/piece of the following service/product is made. Changeover clip includes set up, warm up, test tally, accommodation, first-piece review, etc. Changeover Time is the sum of clip it takes to alter over equipment/programs/ files/documents from the terminal of the old measure to the beginning of the current measure. Changeover is the sum of Set-up clip and Run-up clip. Changeover can be the clip and do the difference between a good merchandise and a good merchandise at the right velocity. If can cut down alteration overtime, can cut down rhythm clip of procedure as good. Jaikumar ( 1986 ) while Dave ( 1996 ) need to cut down machinery alteration overtime because have two biggest wastes are overrun and WIP waiting lines. There is one â€Å" existent † issue that must be overcome in order to greatly cut down batch size without increasing cost. The constituent of alteration overtime following list:Internal apparatus takt that can be performed merely while the machine is shut down.External set up takt that can be performed while the machine is running2.2.2.4 Effectss of alteration overtime DecreaseBatch size can be reduced.Aid to cut down stock list.Increase the capacity on constriction equipment.Aid to extinguish the apparatus bit2.2.3 Traditional V. Thin FabricationA cardinal difference in Thin Manufacturing is that it is based on the construct that can be driven by existent client demand. Alternatively of bring forthing what you hope to sell ; Lean Manufacturing can bring forth what your client wants with shorter lead times. Alternatively of forcing merchandise to market, it ‘s pulled at that place through a system that ‘s set up to rapidly react to client demand.2.2.3 Traditional V. Thin FabricationA cardinal difference in Thin Manufacturing is that it is based on the construct that production can and should be driven by existent client demand. Alternatively of bring forthing what you hope to sell ; Lean Manufacturing can bring forth what your client wants with shorter lead times. Alternatively of forcing merchandise to market, it ‘s pulled at that place through a system that ‘s set up to rapidly react to client demand.2.3 Simulation ModelingSimulation is the dynamic representation of a existent system by a computing machine theoretical account which behaves in the same mode as the system itself. In the fabrication industry, simulation represents the dynamic fabrication procedure in the computing machine theoretical account, and shows diagrammatically and over fake clip the effects of a possible scenario to back up the decision-making procedure . Bielunska and Gun ( 2002 ) .A conventional information flow of fabricating simulation is shown in Figure 2-4. Manufacturing simulation converts the elaborate operational informations into the direction information. It enables assorted scenarios to be tested without big investing on puting up a pilot line or interrupting the production. It eliminates the common job in fabricating industry: constrictions2.3.1 Application Areas of Manufacturing Simulation.In the fabrication companies, directors and applied scientists are able to measure the public presentation of fabricating procedure under several different sets of status to place the proper layout and operational policy. That can lend to accomplish better production public presentation such as high throughput, short lead clip, low work-in-process ( WIP ) , and high resource use. Case of the application of fabricating simulation by the current users are:Implementing new fabrication constructImperfect design from the debut of this construct can do the production end product decrease ; nevertheless, the possible jobs can be identified by simulat ion. The re-layout undertaking of National Semiconductor Malaysia studied in one procedure Tung, Wang and Sun ( 1995 ) by utilizing simulation is the good case. Before application of new layout, the kineticss of simulation benefit indentified the possible jobs, helped the affecting section to understand the procedure of new layout, and saved 5 % on the capital investing. Bettering bing procedure; the bing procedure demand to be adapted to manage the new demand when new merchandises are launched or demand pattern becomes different from the yesteryear. Simulation is really effectual to analyze the impact of alteration to smooth the alteration. Motorola Malaysia was reported the economy to be US $ 250,000 equivalent of capacity addition within one twelvemonth after the company usage simulation to analyze the merchandise mix and batch size to better the apparatus clip and machine aid clip Yong ( 1994 ) . Reducing Work-In-Process ( WIP ); a high WIP is frequently built because of unexpected dislocations, taking to a high stock list cost, slow stuff flow, and inflexible merchandise mix. Simulation is used to analyse the sensitiveness of WIP degrees. Flextronics Singapore used simulation to analyze the most economical manner to cut down WIP and the consequence reported at more than 50 % decrease, significantly improved others company public presentation such as stock list, bringing public presentation Chang and Kum ( 1994 ) . Merchandise timing: Simulation is superb for make up one's minding the order lading sequence and operation timing. It was arranged a systematic direction to the merchandise store degree. It is easy to happen this simulation on a day-to-day footing to bring forth timing instructions to the operations of PCB Manufacturing CIMTEX ( 1994 ) at Digital Singapore. These besides greatly reduced WIP and stabilized operations.2.3.2 Core propensity construct and SimulationTo set up the direction acquisition by following a description of how simulation is being usage since it increasing larning perceptual experience. Along prognostic simulation tilting theoretical account. Learning period is greatly reduced and eliminates waste. Majority companies have been utilizing simulation to happen solution to making value or merchandise betterment procedure. Simulator procedure created an thought tool for developing alternate procedure scenarios to help the public presentation of current operation ineffic iencies. Furthermore, the function theoretical account to extinguish through the atilt execution.2.4 Review of related surveies.2.5 Researching Model Work:The nucleus constructs of the theoretical account are a type of intermediate theory that attempt to link to all facet of enquiry ( e.g. , job probe, intent, literature reappraisal, methodological analysis informations aggregation and analysis ) . This theoretical account is able to make the maps that give coherency to empirical enquiry. Due to the theoretical accounts are possible similarity to empirical enquiry, they take different signifiers depending upon the research inquiry or job in figure 2-5.2.5.1 The constituent of the rhythm clip determination elements:Processing clip: timing that the thing is being worked on by an operation. To analyzing this affair earnestly by utilizing tool ; a stop watch from camera – following unit being processed by one operator – all the manner through the procedure ( or sub-process ) .Waiting clip: timing between sub-process that the thing gets shuffled around or sits around waiting for person to work on it. Equally good as cognizing â€Å" Waiting & A ; Transportation Time † or â€Å" Inventory/Transpiration Time. In this instance have consequence from waiting clip in each work station and wait clip of portion of auto theoretical account.Change overtime ; the sum of clip takes to alter over the devising or plan from the terminal to old measure to the current measure. If you have to takes ever will consequence with entire rhythm clip.Since a batch size of one has been unpracticed the end is in improve productiveness sporadically. The finally reduces stock list carry costs, work in advancement, and rhythm clip. Besides this enabling the company operates productively at lower borders.2.5.2 The significance of component of the finding in rhythm clip decrease.Productiveness: From analyzing shown manner to better productiveness by cut down rhythm clip in o rder to protect loss sale, cut down cost in fabrication and increase client satisfaction.A cost incurred by a concern when it is unable to make full an order and must finish it subsequently. A back order cost can be distinct, as in the cost to replace a specific piece of stock list, or intangible, such as the effects of hapless client service.On clip deliver: one of the ground why is company demand to cut down rhythm clip. The existent measuring will be the per centum of units you produce that run into your client ‘s deadline. Is n't it interesting that it has to make with the client ‘s deadline.In this chapter, the research worker has discussed relevant constructs in rhythm clip decrease by usage simulation to optimal batch size every bit good as suggesting the construct model for this research undertaking. In the following chapter, the research worker will explicate the methodological attack this undertaking.

Why Do People Fail to Mature

The teenagers of our generation, with all the latest Innovations and novelties today, are being fed with lots of information and lore. To our dismay, taking in too much information will end up being strapped on a chair, paralyzed, and unable to move. Managing to contain all these backup ideas Is difficult. Our mind Just keeps on storing files. But what about our Are you sure you can handle it? A great paradox In a teenager's life, too much knowledge makes one unable to function.The problem with teens these days, they get ahead of themselves, making them curious about legion things. Exploring the unknown is fun and exciting for it enriches our minds with new Ideas and thoughts. However, using liberty to do Is quite over the line. The question is, are the teenagers of this generation ready? Unequivocally, no, they are not ready. Well, at least, not now, not yet. Whilst on the other hand, I assays again, if your emotional growth is stunted, do you think that you have developed enough to say that you have really matured? If you ask me. I do not think so!If your emotions control your actions and decisions and If you make these fast and careless, you might want to have second thoughts. This factor, your emotions, hinders your maturity growth. Our feelings are our weakness. Ergo, we must take Into considerations compromising in making our decisions. It Is for us to make our cognitive and emotional maturity to grow forth. We must develop this gradually. We gain too much knowledge than we could take in. However, we are not capable of handling this much for we are not yet ready. Our intellect may have been pacing up UT our psychological aspect isn't catching up that fast.You are a teenager, undergoing puberty, who is in the middle of being an adult and being a child. If you rush ahead in knowing things, you must not know, and hastening the chances of being an adult immediately will get you stacked in an adolescent body with a child's mind. It is comparable to the metamor phosis of butterflies. If you crack open the cocoon, rushing it to become a butterfly, yes, you came out as a butterfly, but onto fully developed one. Because of the vast world around us, we tend to get befuddled and curious by arioso things.We rush in knowing too much than we could carry which holds back our emotional maturity. If you want to be mature, act like it. You must be responsible enough to make better decisions. Do not do doltish and idiotic stuff. Start acting your age. Do not get ahead of yourself. Use your brain. It's not above there for nothing. You are not yet ready. You may gain knowledge, but your emotional health is suffering. That's why we fail to mature. Other factors may have been excelling, but you cannot be a butterfly it you haven't gone into a cocoon.

Stem cell research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stem cell - Research Paper Example due to the fact that Governor Perry was in Iowa as part of his his campaign for nomination in the 2012 campaign for election as President of the United States this â€Å"transformation† in his views is being interpreted as an event of national significance. The election campaign is not mentioned directly, but it forms the backdrop to the whole discussion. Dann reports in effect that there has been a shift in Governor Perry’s position from a qualified anti-abortion stance, allowing exceptions for some situations, to an absolute anti-abortion position, which would prevent women from having the option of abortion even in cases where there is rape and/or incest involved. The context of the quotation from Governor Perrry is given in full, namely a meeting at the Full Faith Christian Center in Chariton in which there was a question asked about whether signatories to the â€Å"Personhood USA† pledge really mean what they say when they sign up to absolute prevention of abortion. The author raises the possibility that perhaps Governor Perry was making this statement simply as part of his electioneering stance, and that perhaps he may not have meant it sincerely, only to demolish this theory with definitive statements from unnamed â€Å"Viewers† (Dann, 2011, p.1) who confess initial scepticism, but ultimate belief in Governor Perry’s change of heart. The pastor, too, adds his support to this interpretation. This is a significant piece of news because it reflects one of the key policy areas that the new President will have to decide upon once elected. Abortion is a hotly contested area of on-going debate in the United States, with strong views on both sides of the fence, ranging from those who argue for free choice for all women in all circumstances, to those who, like Perry in this article, appear to argue for the absolute banning of abortion. Most people sit somewhere along this spectrum, with a willingness to take on board the views of others to a certain extent. I

Employment laws differ in a global environment Essay

Employment laws differ in a global environment - Essay Example Employment laws differ in a global environment in a number of ways. These differences are usually evident in terms of employment, severance policies, consideration for employment, employment litigation, human rights, compensation, discharge, and statutory protection among others (Honeyball, 2008). A good example of a country whose employment laws are different from those of the US is Canada. For example, in Canada, employers must provide employees with at least pay in lieu or a statutory notice of termination, whereas, in the US, employment is ‘at will’ and a notice of termination to an employee is only required if a contract was signed. Another difference in employment laws in US and Canada is seen in the human rights perspective. Both Canada and USA prohibit discrimination in employment on grounds such as religion, ethnic origin, gender, and color among others. When it comes to disability, discrimination is also prohibited in both countries, and employers are required to make necessary accommodations for workers with disabilities. However, in Canada, employers face tougher conditions than in the US since they are required to accommodate drug addicts and alcoholics. These two conditions are recognized as disabilities by Canadian employment laws, and they require accommodation (Honeyball, 2008). There is no valid reason for these differences. All employees and employers should be equally protected by the law; regardless of the region they are located. It does not make sense to protect employers or employees in one area against something, and totally disregard the same thing in another area. Therefore, I do not agree with these differences. The main reason for this is because these differences create an unnecessary rift. For example, why would employers in Canada be required to accommodate drug addicts and alcoholics? It simply does not make sense because such people have made decisions to

Physical Restraint Use on People with Dementia Essay

Physical Restraint Use on People with Dementia - Essay Example (Koch Susan and Lyon Cheryl, 2001) Purely clinical emergency necessitating medical care on dementia patients does not pose any problem for the attending health staff and nurses. Dementia patients at this juncture are either passive or unconscious. Use of physical restraints on these types of patients does not arise. When the patients turn aggressive, the progress of medical attendance is blocked. This prompts the nursing staff to use physical restraints on the patients. Immediate attention towards reducing the aggression of the dementia patients dilutes the emergency in the atmosphere. Dementia patients suddenly turn hostile towards the attending nurses and agitate for reasons not known to the staff and not expressible by the patients. Agitation refers to a range of behaviors associated with dementia, including irritability, sleeplessness and verbal or physical aggressions. Often these types of behavior problems progress with stages of dementia, from mild to more severe. Pilot resear ch studies designed to measure how agitation manifested, to measure the severity of agitation and to identify the nursing practices used to manage and their outcome revealed in the past that nurse actions triggered the majority of most highly rated episodes of agitated behavior in dementia patients. Three databases CINHAL, PROQUEST, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC SOCIETY and BLACKWELL SYNERGY were searched using search terms 'dementia', 'physical restraints', and 'emergency'. On viewing the guidelines for using the physical restraints a book by Noreen Cavan Frisch is also found apt. Findings: On pressing the contents of the papers through the sieve of two main views extracted it is found that emergency arising out of aggressions of dementia patients is differently perceived by nurses and other beholders and safety related dilemma in nursing staff is due to the double sided pressure from both statutory enforcement and clinical guidelines for procedural therapy. EMERGENCY ARISING OUT OF AGGRESSIONS IN DEMENTIA PATIENTS: Gerry Farrel (2005) analyzed 28 aggression management-training programs and found that use of restraints on patients of mental health department is obligatory. Since the concentration of the research was mainly on industrial and other professional fields wherein aggression management programs are conducted, the stress of the same in mental health area is minimal although the authors made a mention that many of the AMPs did not address psychological aspects. (Gerry Farrell, Katrina Cubit, 2005) Some of the greatest challenges of nursing staff with the dementia patients are the personality and behavior changes that often occur. The nurses are given training to meet these challenges by using creativity, flexibility, patience and compassion. Before thinking of the decision to use physical restraints on the dementia patients so that treatment can take its smooth course, it is obligatory on the part of attending nurses to tactfully handle the troubling behavior of the patients. Trying to change the person

Theological Reflections Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Theological Reflections - Research Paper Example Rather, they require the servants of Christ to utilize different degrees of commitment2. The forthcoming co-worker appreciation dinner will require increased levels of commitment that seek to go beyond charity. Rather, it will be important to recognize the workers for their unwavering commitment to the Sisters of Mercy’s mission, their hospitality, and their service. As Catholic employers, Mercy has the ability to show support for their poor and lowest paid co-workers through showing preferential option for the poor and vulnerable, as well as showing respect for their dignity. The Preferential Option for the Poor and Vulnerable The theological concepts of dignity and providing preferential treatment for the poor are concepts that have always been at the forefront of our core values and mission at Mercy. Providing preferential treatment for society’s poor also applies to lowly paid co-workers at Mercy, as well. It is our belief that touching the needy is akin to touching Jesus Christ. The last judgment has an essential role to play in our traditional Catholic faith; especially because the church teaches that we stand judged by what we elect to carry out towards the prisoners, homeless, sick, thirsty, and hungry3. In modern times, the Church teaches us the same through the preferential option for the poor. ... We are asked to do this by the church and failure to do so will break the required balance that holds society as one, which will be to the detriment of the whole society4. Preferential treatment for the poor is referent to the trend of giving preference to the life and wellbeing of society’s powerless and poor, as we are taught by the commands of God, the Church, as well as righteous people and prophets. Christ himself spoke to us about judgment day, contending that God will seek to know from each one of us what we did in aid of the poor and the needy5. He told us that whatever we do for the least of his brothers, we did for him, which is also reflected in the canon laws of our Mother Church. Catholic faithful, the law tells us, are obliged to go out and promote justice for all in society and that we must remain mindful of the Lord’s precept to help those who are in need and poor. Nevertheless, how does the appreciation dinner at Mercy accomplish this? The quoted doctri ne asks us as Catholics to show compassion and solidarity with the poor through our deeds, as well as our prayers. For this reason, when instituting any measures at Mercy, it is essential that we always ensure to keep at the forefront the preferential option for the poor. The doctrine’s implications are that any society’s, including Mercy, moral test lies in how we treat our poor and vulnerable members6. We are asked to ensure that the policies and activities at Mercy must factor in the vulnerable and the poor. Pope Francis has begun his journey with teachings on why the Church must now become one with the poor. He has taught love for the needy, the sick, prisoners,

The Role of Emotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Role of Emotion - Essay Example The emotion-focused assessment and following therapy follows a process, the two main processes being, interpersonal factors, and emotional cycles. Functional assessment has derived from the applied behavior paradigm. In this context functional means the cause of behavior (Carbone & Zecchini, 2008). The process establishes the function, or cause, of the maladaptive behavior before developing an intervention. This intervention is created from the hypothesized function of the maladaptive behavior. If the intervention is unsuccessful in establishing the function then it is very likely that the results will be ineffective in changing the identified maladaptive behaviours (Starin, 2007). These two therapies though from different psychological schools of thought, and therefore have many differences, nevertheless have several similarities as well. Emotion-focused therapy is a structured, short-term therapy, created in the early 1980s. It is historical based in client-centred, gestalt and existential theories. Client-centred therapies are from the humanistic paradigm, they are non-directive, do not search for interpretations, and center on the client actualizing their potential. Gestalt therapy is based on the theory that the brain is holistic, but that 'getting a whole consistent picture and seeing what the structure of the whole requires for the parts' (Wertheimer, 1959, cited in Gestalt Theory, 2008, p.1). Existential therapy stems from the belief that people are on their own in the world. Therefore, people form their own meanings and values, and have the power to make their own choices. For this reason, every individual is responsible for his or her own happiness. Emotion-focused therapy also has an extensive background in attachment theory, which gives the therapy a broader and more in depth understanding of the client's needs and the problems they are experiencing due to past or present family relationships. The approach focuses on how a person is responsible for their own response patterns to emotional processes. A large amount of research has assessed that this therapy is very effective. Research has shown that between 70-75% of clients who enter into emotion-focused therapy will go into recovery and that nearly 90% will significantly improve (ICEEFT, 2008). Greenburg (2004a) states that emotion can be perceived as a form of information processing which is fundamental to a person's survival, and their ability to adapt to the world around them. Research has shown that emotion can improve memory, help to focus attention, and may influence cognitive processing. In addition, emotion can regulate behavior and help to develop healthy attachments. These processes influence why people will perform certain activities and behaviors. It is not just a result of their beliefs and value systems alone, but also because it makes them feel good or bad. Humans seek to control these feelings by trying to maximize the good feelings and minimize the bad ones. The reactions to these pleasant or unpleasant feelings and the attempt to control them are a person's motivation for action and change. Moreover, these emotions are used to evaluate situations that enhance personal well being and happiness, rather than because they are rational or right (Greenburg, 2004 a). Therefore,

Analysis of The Circus by George Seurat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of The Circus by George Seurat - Essay Example The essay "Analysis of The Circus by George Seurat" examines the painting of famous artist Seurat. Due to the method’s demand for hard work, prevented its completion despite the published fact that he usually stays by himself working for long hours of the day and through the night on his paintings. The Circus as the title implies is the setting of the picture which shows the ringmaster on the forefront, the joyful dancing of the lady, prancing horse and the clown on his upside-down stunt. The painting depicts the gaiety going in the circus considered to have been a part of his experimentation of colors, as he also considered emotional characters coming out from his former mood of being very formal and static. Created during the years when Paris was still feeling the effects of the Franco-Prussian war, â€Å"The Circus† portrays the other side of the great devastation experienced during this time which recorded 36,000 people who died of starvation when the Germans besieg ed Paris and cut off all food supplies. Despite this fact, France rose to gather great minds from around the world and introduce their expertise and studies. It has been noted that Seurat and other impressionists never portrayed the dark side of the circumstances in France which could most probably be the reason behind the subject of this painting because Seurat would rather leave an impression to his audiences of the joyful pleasures the circus brings. During the time of Seurat, artworks have been a major contribution to the development of the country., attracting peoples from around the world not only in arts but also in other areas like philosophy, Sciences and Mathematics so that France then became the center of information and development. One of the developments produced in this era is what Seurat birthed as the Pointillism mentioned earlier which is also known as neo-impressionism. This was also the time when the ‘salon’, the French Academy of Art controlled the industry, dictating theme and style used in the artworks so that Seurat’s modern approach to his artwork was rejected because it was considered to be against the then generally accepted perception of art and beauty. The salon gave good exposure of artists and their works so it has been a very powerful tool to the success or fall of artists. Seurat was sneered at and his works have been despised by the impressionists but these did not thwart him in pursuing his personal style of performing arts in what he believed he could effectively use. He then joined hands with other artists whose works have also been rejected by the salon and formed an independent body where they coordinated their own exhibits. Contrary to what Seurat experienced with the impressionists, his artwork has been acclaimed by the increasingly educated population in the use of modern concepts. This gave Seurat a platform to continue with his style which he was known for and also to be the father of which, takin g a little following and influencing other successful artists during his time. The ringmaster’s whip and the whiplash is the motif repetitively expressed in

Law of Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Law of Contract - Essay Example Acceptance: This refers to an expression of unconditional agreement that all the terms and conditions in the offer will be adhered to. The acceptance in this case can either be written or oral form and it should reflect the original offer made. Competent persons: In a contract the parties involved should have knowledgeable individuals who are able to handle every issue and agree to all terms and conditions having understood what all of them mean and what they require. Mutuality of obligation: This is a term used in a contract meaning that each individual involved should be ready to show commitment since it is an agreement and the duties assigned if any, should be performed as expected. These are the four main elements of a contract. Law on the other hand, refers to a system of guidelines and rules enforced in social institutions, meant to govern behaviour. Laws are usually made by legislatures in which their formation can be influenced by rights defined therein and constitution which can be written or unwritten. This essay seeks to give more information on contract law and how it applies to real life. Contract law therefore, refers to the set of terms and conditions that ought to be followed b individuals who have participated in making an agreement. Contract is based on the principle that agreements ought to be kept. Contract law is classified as habitual contract under the civil law systems. It is also known to be part of general obligation law along with unjust enrichment, tort and restitution. In this case, the essay will discuss on a condition where the contract law is applied. This essay seeks to make an accurate analysis of the problems raised by the case, identify the legal principles relevant to the case as well as the implication for the contract law and the outcome of the case. There are various sources of contract law which are: Common law Restatement Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) United Nations Convention on Contrasts for the international Sale of Goods (CISG) UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contrasts. Uniform Computer Transactions Act (UCITA) Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (E-Sign) The case here involves two main participants who are Alan and Dona. Alan is an individual who owns a restaurant that specializes in Italian food. He has recently secures a lucrative booking for a large wedding. One of the participants of the agreement is Donna who is in this case, the bride. She agrees to pay $ 30,000 for the event. This amount is enough to cater for everything to make certain that the event is successful. She goes ahead and pays $ 20,000 where it is agreed that the remaining $10,000 will be paid on the wedding day. This gives a clear impression that Donna as the bride is hiring Alan’s restaurant for the event. Charles turns out to be the chef in Alan’s restaurant. Sometime ago, he designed a beautiful Italian themed menu which will be used at the wedding. Alan is pleased wi th this menu and believes it will work best for the occasion. Alan goes ahead and tells Charles that he will offer him $50 for his effort. Alan goes right ahead and hires Charles Your Dream Builder to carry out some alteration including installing a fountain in the courtyard. Allan sees that the progress is slow and decides to offer an additional $ 1,000 for the progress to be sped up. It is agreed and the refurbishment is finished just at the right time. The wedding day comes and Donna has a wonderful

Company report and promotion plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Company report and promotion plan - Essay Example This report seeks to provide a competitive analysis of British Airways and create a promotional plan for the company. The promotional plan will include a marketing mix analysis, time plan, and a brief budget forecast for the expenses and revenues of the promotion. British Airways has several competitors offering the same services and which lie in the same operating area. However, the airline industry in the UK has five strategic categories, which include specialist, non-schedule, no frills, local, and mass service (Kotler, 2002:139). British Airways falls in the mass service category, with other competitors such as Virgin Atlantic, Lufthansa, KLM, and Air France. No frills airline includes Ryan Air and Easy Jet, while non-schedule airline include Thomson. In local airlines, there is BMI and Palm Air in the specialist category (Bucks, 2010). The other four categories do not offer stiff competition compared to the mass service strategic group. British Airways’ main competition comes from serious contenders, who include Virgin Atlantic and United Airlines incorporated in the Star alliance that is controlling BMI. Despite not being in the same strategic category, no-frills airlines are a significant challenge to the British Airways, especi ally due to their low cost fares (Kotler, 2002:134). In addition, the recent sharp increase in oil prices and the economic downturn has led to a war price between the three major airlines plying the London Dubai route, British Airways, emirates, and Virgin Atlantic. Consequently, fare prices have gone down by almost thirty percent, which indicates that competition is still fierce. The marketing mix, or the 4Ps, is a marketing business tool used for determining the selling point of products and services. This analyzes the current marketing mix of British Airways, emphasizing on the price, product, and promotion elements. The report neglects the place

Role within this section Essay Example for Free

Role within this section Essay Discuss, in detail, how you as a performer might approach a role within this section. You will need to give details of the part that you have chosen to play and intended audience response. You will need to include reference to voice, movement, characterisation and relationships created on stage. We are looking at Scene 2, page 20 to 25, from the Governors wifes line Only essentials! Quick, open the trunks. To the end of the scene. This section contains the characters: Grusha, The Governors wife, Cook, Chef, The young woman, Adjutant, A Fat woman, Nurse, Stablemen, Simon, The third woman and the Singer. I am going to look at the Singer. Berlolt Brecht and his techniques Brecht was a very political and scientific writer he didnt agree with all of the political actions at that time. Hitler wanted to kill him after some bad publicity from Brecht so, he fled to America where he wrote this plays. He wrote parable plays to try and get a point over to the audience, each play had a different moral; he tried to change peoples minds on their political views. In order to keep the audience from getting too involved in each play, Brecht only names certain characters. Creating characters that overpower the audience is not good; it can make the audience only think about that one character. Brecht doesnt really have any one main or higher character (thinking in levels of importance and wealth) as all the focus would be put on them. He does include very powerful characters at times, i. e. the Governor, yet he dies soon after he is introduced. This also includes giving characters names. People can get too attached to a certain character if we learn too much about them. An example of this technique is shown in the following quote THE EXPERT: comrade Agronomist! THE AGRONOMIST: Last winter (Page 6, The Expert The Agronomist). Brecht doesnt directly name characters i. e. The young woman, The peasant woman. He also does not like to normally say anything about that character, history or any extra information. He tries to include as many characters as possible so you cannot become attached to them and you concentrate on the story line and the moral. In scene 1 there are 14 or 15 different characters, in scene 2, 22 characters are included. He tries to avoid long one on one confrontations and keeps on including other people here and there. (Ref. Page 20, where the Nurse interrupts the conversation between the Governors Wife and the adjutant and on page 22 when lots of characters are involved in large discussion). This makes people stop thinking about what has happened and concentrate more on what is happening right then. Brecht structures plays differently he creates each scene to portray a story, this is called episodical, people were free to walk in and out of the theatre and alcohol could be brought in. The public liked this, and that encouraged them to come to more of his plays. His main goal was to get people to think about the story line, during and after the play so another technique he had was to stop and change the tense people spoke in, Scene 2, page 13, GRUSHA: I dont understand the solider. Whats so good about it? She changes tense from 1st person to 3rd person, this distracts the audience and hopefully makes them think more carefully about what she meant by that. Brecht liked to used techniques like this to kept the audience listening he wanted them to at most ease whilst watching so they can soak in the moral of each episodic scene. I believe, the most important trick Brecht used to keep the audiences occupied was by linking each character with an object. Grusha, for example, after she became engaged to Simon, he placed a silver cross on a chain around her neck. From this moment onwards someone else can play Grusha but the audience will still know it is her character by the silver cross and chain. The Governor and his wife are portrayed by the wearing of rich garments. An example of this is when the Governors wife says Why? I must have the silver dress it cost 1000 piastres. And that one there, and all my furs.

Historical and political relation of anthropology with human rights Essay Example for Free

Historical and political relation of anthropology with human rights Essay From the onset, it is necessary to define anthropology as the social science that is involved with studying the inherent relationship patterns and origins of human beings. As a juxtaposition, the concept of human rights refers to the intrinsic freedoms and rights to which all and sundry (human beings) are entitled, if only by virtue of belonging to the human race, and these are broadly categorized into two main classifications, including the socio-cultural and economic rights, which pertain to the rights to education, food, work and participate in culture. The other distinct grouping of rights and freedoms are those of civil and political nature, encompassing the ideology of people being equal before the law, the right to liberty and life, and also, the freedom to freely express oneself, provided that this does not interfere with that of other people. It is noteworthy that the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights – a non-binding declaration by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948 reiterates the equality of all humans as relates to their rights and dignity, further acknowledging that each individual was equipped with the vital tools of a rational conscience and logical reasoning, and thus, all subsequent inter-personal relationships ought to reflect a communal spirit of brotherly co-existence. This cognition is widely viewed as being the framework for justice, peace and freedom in the globe today (Goodale, 2004:18-29). From a historical perspective, the anthropologist is more concerned with deciphering the linkage between the afore-mentioned rights and the prevailing localized cultures, from whence an understanding of the basic outline of social justice against a backdrop of cultural relativism is investigated. The general concession is that indeed, deliberation into the historical aspects of anthropology reveals a contribution to both the practical and theoretical facets of human rights workings. Select case studies closely related to this postulation include the current crisis in the Middle East, pitting the Israelis against the inhabitants of the Gaza strip, the Rwandan genocide (Bowman, 2000:31-49) and the topical issue of gay rights in Southern Africa. The former predicament entails Israel devastating, over the recent past, a population of some 1. million inhabitants in Gaza, with their arms tied behind their backs, owing to the fact that there is no active army in Gaza. Statistics reveal that close to 1300 Palestinian casualties are on record, as opposed to a measly 13 Israelis in the raging conflict, largely regarded as a modern day case of ‘ethnic cleansing’. Since the year 2006, Israel placed a blockade into the Gaza region, thus inhibiting the delivery of necessities such as medicine, food and fuel. Previous attempts to foster harmony and well-being in the region, with cease-fires being disrespected severally, have led up to the present situation in which the stakeholders in the conflict, chief amongst which is the Hamas, the Islamic Palestinian socio-political faction that has been in control of the Gaza strip, and Israel itself, have agreed to permanently seek a lasting solution to avoid more bloodshed. The possible recommendations to aid in arriving at a peaceful co-existence is scenario where Israel takes the front row in ensuring a sense of hope to the Palestinians, via the action of taking the political risk and dismantling the illegal West Bank Settlements. On their part, Palestinians should institute measures to ensure they elect purposive leaders into power, if only to militate against the eventuality of history repeating itself iteratively. Hamas should in turn cease firing missiles into Israel, which only serve to wound and kill majority of the innocent civilians, and the large scale smuggling of arms, so as to avoid the likelihood of the situation degenerating into another â€Å"United States versus Al Qaeda† affair. Also, the other stakeholders in the conflict, namely Jordan and Egypt, should seal all loopholes that enable the military exploits of the Hamas to fall through. This being said, the International community should actively ensure they do not turn a deaf ear to the conflict, to be spearheaded by the United Nations and the European Union. The latter, in detail, involved South Africa holding its second, fully democratic elections in the year 1999, which were characterized by the recognition of a wide array of groups and previously neglected factions of the population, such as the gay and lesbian community. Earlier on, the country made history by pioneering non-discrimination on the basis of an individual’s sexual orientation, with gay and lesbian activists championing their cause by widely challenging the very constitutionality of laws that infringed on their freedoms, organizing workshops to educate voters on their rights, plus lobbying for the drafting and resultant implementation of rules and legislations guaranteeing equity in the rights of all citizens (Goodale, 2004:43-54). They also went a step further and created working relationships with non-governmental organizations like the Human Rights Commission and the Commission on Gender Equality, in addition to forming outreach programmes for the members of the gay and lesbian community, especially those that lived in townships. Of particular note is the fact that sodomy has been decriminalized before the South African courts, thus recording another victory in the war for adequate recognition of this community. Of significance is the assertion that, these developments were achieved even with the realization that the South African populace was still divided along ethnic and racial boundaries (Riches, 1986:16-29), and more importantly, within the indigenous cultural groupings in the country, homosexuality is deemed non-existent, or on the best case scenario, a foreign acquisition. Thus, in a nutshell, this case study can be assessed from the view that it not only shapes social patterns, but also, it is instrumental in the democratization of regimes, as influenced by the civil society. Yet another occurrence was witnessed in an iconic court case in Japan (2008), involving the challenging of the historical definition of whom the concept of â€Å"human rights† is meant to apply. The immediate bone of contention was that the court of the day had proceeded to expand the rights of the children of Japanese fathers and non-Japanese mothers to claim Japanese citizenship, and thus by extension, such definition by the justices in the case served to only ensure the protection of the fundamental human rights of Japanese citizens, excluding those of other non-citizens. In this way, this can be said to expressly alienate those people who did not have papers certifying their Japanese citizenship. However, this ought not to be the case, as the rights in question should be guaranteed to every human being, as the very name suggests. In a publication by one Professor Jones regarding this case, he posits that there is a sorry state of affairs in Japan, citing that the tendency of the Sovereign state to mediate the citizens’ claims against each other should be sharply contrasted against the Anglo-American system, which is characterized by human rights being the limiting factor of the state’s power over individuals. In this way, the case is illustrative of how culture and history can affect and/or influence human rights in society (Kurtz, 2001: 43-52). Whilst still appreciating the historical contribution of anthropology to human rights, it is worthwhile to take mention of the concept of hegemony, defined as the utter domination of a state over its allies, and how this has over time influenced historical changes, especially on the cultural frontier. As a focal point, hegemony facilitates the comprehension of power within the confines of routine daily activities, as may be underpinned by cultural (customary) practices (Asad, 1991:13-27). On a more positive note, it is fit to state that the anthropological theory has over the years succeeded to come up with a contested, unbounded and widely flexible supposition of the term, which consequently goes a long way in uncovering the cultural understandings and how these in turn shape power relations, naturalizing domination and acting to suppress different manifestations of resistance in the society (Gledhill, 2000:29-44). Again, drawing from the South African example, although in a different context, it can be established that, quite ironically, the evangelical work of missionaries can be termed as being part of hegemony, although it heightened societal consciousness, going on to spark a form of resistance that gave rise to the awareness of the black community, fuelling the fight against apartheid. Of particular contention is the debate whether, as an interpretive issue, resistance in society should require consciousness and be collective in nature, or whether on the other hand, an end of attaining justice should be envisioned from the onset. Also, it is disputable whether the concept at hand should be extended to incorporate such actions as may be influenced by a sense of non-cooperation or discontent. In the recent past, there has been great agitation in the anthropological circles, wherein the concept of culture has been scrutinized in detail. Earlier anthropologists focused chiefly on societies that were virtually unaffected by factors such as colonial influences, for example, but there’s light at the end of the tunnel since, today, greater emphasis is being laid on flexibility of the frame of thought of culture, as afore-mentioned, now not only being affiliated to habits and daily practices of a people, but also, being engrained in the values they abide to and the ideas subscribed to. In other instances, there have been historical documentations of indigenous communities confronting resistance from the perspective of laying claim to various resources, more so when these individuals are challenged to prove an authentic affiliation to the culture under consideration (Rejali, 1994:49-60); disqualification usually results from the assertion that certain social groups have already undergone cultural changes. In a strange twist, it can be seen that the concept of ‘culture’, as formulated by twentieth century anthropologists in a bid to champion the rights of small-scale communities in the wake of colonialism and other civilizing projects, has in present times been apposite to differing political ends of resisting reform in certain sectors and turning a deaf ear to the claims of indigenous people’s claims to reparation (compensation). On a transitional note, the political inclination of anthropology to human rights can be deduced by critical analysis of the two disciplines (Cohen, 1978:34-57). Such relationship necessitates a vivid conception of the said human rights within a template of anthropologically conceived ideas or principles. A brief intermission here is the appreciation that, as an academic discipline, anthropology seeks to study the various forms and bases of human unity and relative diversity, while the other side of this coin practically applies the acquired knowledge to actively solve problems that may plague the human race (Gledhill, 2000:59-83). This being the situation, politically-oriented anthropologists should concern themselves with instances where the denial of certain rights is pegged on the differences in one human aspect or the other. The validity of using ‘human difference’ as an indicator of human rights is that it incorporates the very specificity of what we as humans be it collectively or from an individual stance – have evolved to be, both culturally and socially. It is worth noting that the term ‘difference’, as applied in this context, refers to the linguistic, socio-cultural and/or biological characteristics of people, relative to the initial human capacities that facilitated their production in the first place. On the flipside, as may relate to human rights, these ‘differences’ may principally represent the products of the realization of social relations, personal identities and cultural forms (Goodale, 2004:98-110). The general implication of the above argumentation is that specific human rights may be advocated for by calling upon the trans-cultural, but positive, right to difference. This analogy can be stretched further still by acknowledging the unwritten law that anthropologists who study and research instances of societal injustices and assorted cases of human rights abuses do, in the actual sense, bear an ethical obligation to find lasting solutions to these predicaments. In particular, those working with marginal and/or indigenous communities shoulder the responsibility of supporting these groups by all means available, including advocacy as mentioned above (Fried, 1967:61-69).

Replica Node Detection using Enhanced Single Hop Detection

Replica Node Detection using Enhanced Single Hop Detection REPLICA NODE DETECTION USING ENHANCED SINGLE HOP DETECTION WITH CLONAL SELECTION ALGORITHM IN MOBILE WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 1. INTRODUCTION Sensor systems are being theme of enthusiasm among the scholarly community and industry because of those broad variety relevance in different system situations. WSNs comprise of an expansive number of little sensors, generally sent thickly in the objective territory to gather important information [1, 2]. Hubs pertaining to Sensors are asset obliged because of their little dimension plus it restricts the capacity of calculation and correspondence. The most widely recognized utilizations of WSNs incorporate living space checking, fringe watching in military, movement observing, and quiet observing in human services [3, 4]. In MWSNs [5, 6], hubs pertaining to sensor have extra portability capacity to meander inside an objective region. Versatile sensor hubs can give precise information contrasted with static hubs. The sensor quantity needed in MWSNs to cover an allocated region is extremely smaller than static WSNs. By and by, thick sending of portable hubs bolsters high unwavering qua lity and load adjusting. Regardless of all focal points, MWSNs have an exceptionally dynamic system topology because of versatility. Along these lines, the difficulties are duplicated contrasted with their static partners. The real difficulties incorporate correspondence, scope, distributive helpful manage, and safety [7, 8]. Safety has dependably been a basic issue of worry in WSNs [9]. WSN (Remote Sensor Network) contains a gathering of remote sensor hubs that forma correspondence arranges. These hubs gather the touchy data from the area in addition to propel those substance as an information to the foundation location at which it checks the information as well as ID transferred by the hubs pertaining to sensor. These sensor hubs are typically low valued equipment segments with imperatives on reminiscence dimension as well as calculation abilities. The transportable WSNs are like WSN aside from to facilitate the hubs pertaining to sensor are portable in character. The different u tilizations of Mobile WSNs incorporate mechanical autonomy, transportation framework, reconnaissance, and following. Analysts center to incorporate Mobile WSNs into the (Internet of Things) IoT [10]. Nonetheless, an immense measure of safety problem emerges as assaults because of absence of equipment support and shaky sensor hubs. One such assault is the hub replication assault. In sensor systems, aggressors catch and trade off hubs to infuse fake information into the system that influence the system correspondence plus functions. Such kind of assault has been recognized as reproduction hub assault [11]. The foe catches mystery inputs as of the traded off hubs also distributes those in terms of reproductions in the system. Reproductions have been imitated as legit via the nearby hubs plus typical hubs dont know about imitations send signals such as its nearby hubs. It likewise connives and goes about as honest to goodness hub that gives immovability to the system. The copy hubs have been managed by the foe. The issue is the reproduction hubs likewise hold the input which has been needed for safe correspondence in the system. Notwithstanding these issues, versatility of hubs, the plot of imitation, and sideway assaults are the principle trouble while distinguishing plus managing those copy hubs. At the point when the reproductions are not distinguished, then the system will be interested in aggressors and the system turns out to be more powerless. The recognition of copy hub in the Mobile WSNs has been a significant undertaking. In this way, just few location plans are being suggested [12]. Since the enemy appropriates imitation hubs wherever in the system, the versatility helped recognition plan has been needed to distinguish the copies in the system. In the prior works, versatility helped system, (Single Hop Detection) SHD, was proposed. In Single Hop Detection, every hub communicates its area maintain to its solitary jump neighbors and chooses the witness hu b.[13] The chose witness hub recognizes reproductions by playing out the confirmation procedure. Subsequently, it lessens correspondence overhead. Notwithstanding, when the reproductions plot by means of every additional, they select imitation as an observer hub. Consequently, the recognition exactness has been less. The primary target pertaining to the suggested study has been to enhance the location exactness through the selection of the suitable witness hub with decreased overheads amid the discovery of copy hubs in the portable remote sensor systems. To congregate the goal, SHD is improved utilizing the AIS. Counterfeit Immune System (AIS) is a division of Artificial Intelligence in view of the standards of (HIS) Human Immune System. It gives different answers for this present reality issues because of its trademark highlights. The trademark highlights incorporate learning capacity to the novel circumstances, flexibility and dispersed personality to the various environment, rest ricted assets, as well as the ability to survive still in the brutal situations.[14] The upgrade of Single Hop Detection with AIS enhances the discovery precision. The commitment behind the research study tries to incorporate the upgrade of the SHD technique through application of the Clonal assortment calculation to select the observer hubs which has been a different commitment. Because of this, the discovery proportion is expanded through the selection of proper witness hubs and accordingly, the reproduction hub location handle causes least manage overheads. 2. MOTIVATION OF THE PROJECT Safety of Mobile WSNs is an indispensable test. One has been the hub replication assault, having a similar character of the caught hub, and the foe conveys an eccentric number of copies all through the system. Henceforth copy hub recognition is an imperative test With little exertion, a foe may catches, examinations, and repeats those of them as well as embed these copies at various areas inside the systems. Such assault may have a few results and may degenerate system information or critical divisions pertaining to the system. Existing strategies acquire manage overheads plus the discovery exactness has been little at which the copy is chosen in the form of an observer hub. The present study tries to suggest with regard to the improving of the SHD (Single Hop Detection) technique utilizing the Clonal assortment calculation to distinguish the duplicate through choosing the appropriate observer hubs. The benefits of the suggested strategy incorporate (i) increment in the identificatio n proportion, (ii) Decline in the management overhead, plus (iii) increment in throughput. The discovery rate likelihood alludes to location of the threat assault in a constrained era. The likelihood of recognition periods demonstrates that proposed technique distinguished the imitations in brisk, compelling and productive way. Something else, there could be a plausibility that an aggressor can exploit the late recognition to catch the entire correspondence. Vitality is likewise an essential parameter in reproduction location in light of the fact that an aggressor needs high vitality to screen the entire system. So also, the vitality of the portable hub ought to be effective to play out the recognition and alleviation handle for replication assaults. The likelihood of vitality that portable hub devours in the distribution plus getting messages by versatile hubs. The correspondence cost for discovery imitations ought to be attractive and high. Each versatile hub needs to amass the da ta, check and direct the examination for clones assaults identification (i.e., if similar hub character has been found). The recognition system ought to have high genuine optimistic speed (replica hubs are identified effectively) as well as the less untrue optimistic speed (typical hub is blamed as a replica). The execution of pertaining to the suggested study is measured utilizing identification proportion, false recognition proportion, parcel conveyance proportion, normal postponement, management overheads as well as throughput. The execution is done utilizing ns-2 to display the reality of the suggested study. 3. RELATED WORK The identification plans intended for still WSNs have not been material to MWSNs because of element system topology. An identification component in MWSNs should consider the portability of a hub with a specific end goal to distinguish copy [15]. The reproduction discovery instruments in MWSNs likewise stated in the writing are depicted underneath. The identification plans UTLSE (Unary-Time-Location Storage and Exchange) and MTLSD (Multi-Time-Location Storage and Diffusion) suggested [16] receive time-area guarantee approach. Every hub in Unary-Time-Location Storage and Exchange and Multi-Time-Location Storage and Diffusion saves various occurrences of time-area maintain of the followed hubs. With the gathering, of the time-area plans are traded flanked by two trackers to confirm the possibility of area cases. At the point when a contention emerges in the time-area confirmation procedure of a hub, it is distinguished as reproduction. A location conspire utilizing hubs pace has been su ggested [17]. The plan utilizes SPRT (Sequential Probability Ratio Test) to register hubs speed. At the point when a hub touches base at another area, it communicates now is the ideal time area state to the nearby hubs. Neighbors forward the got maintain to BS following effectively confirming the realness of the communication. The BS is in charge of social event time-area cases of the hubs plus evaluates their speed. A hub possessing the pace that is greater when compared to it has already defined with a pace cutoff is identified as reproduction through the BS. A pair wise key foundation procedure to recognize presence of reproduction is displayed [18]. The aggregate quantity pertaining to the pairwise keys set up by a hub is put away utilizing Counting Bloom channel. The tally of total keys in numbers built up is intermittently transferred to the BS viaevery hub. The got Counting Bloom channels are redesigned at BS for every hub in the system. At the point when the quantity of keys built up for a hub surpasses the predefined edge esteem, the hub is distinguished as copy by the BS. A solitary bounce based reproduction location plan has been suggested [19]. In the present work of the researchers, the observershub determination strategy for single-bounce imitation discovery is enhanced by utilizing clonal choice calculation. The best reasonable observer for a hub in its single-bounce neighbor is chosen utilizing the clonal choice calculation. The area unique finger impression sharing and confirmation strategy is utilized to recognize reproduction. The (Extremely Efficient Detection) XED plus EDD (Efficient Distributed Detection) plans have been suggested [20]. The recognition of copy in XED is based upon the trading of an irregular number between every combine of hubs, which is additionally called a test. At the point when a similar match of hubs gets together at a later purpose pertaining to the time, the test check has been executed. A hub that comes up short the test check process is recognized as a reproduction. In the Efficient Distributed Detection, a reproduction is identified in light of the tally pertaining to the quantity of gatherings between a couple of hubs. In the event that the quantity of gatherings of a hub over a period interim surpasses the predefined edge, after that it is recognized as copy. In the identification plans, the imitations are recognized through the BS. In these plans, BS is overloaded with calculation and reproduction discovery undertakings. There is likewise an extra in the clouds within the system for imparting between every one of the hubs and the BS. The XED component is not versatile to taking of test from a caught hub. In EDD plot, the execution of identification component relies on upon the quantity of gatherings edge, which is hard to assess in MWSNs. This has been on the grounds that the quantity of gatherings with a hub over a period interim relies on upon the system measure, the range of organiz ation, hubs pace, plus the versatility replica of the hubs. It alters with the variety of some of these constraints in the system. For instance, if the system size is expanded, then the quantity of gatherings with a specific hub diminishes, as prob 1/arrange measure. Assessing an edge upon the quantity of gatherings with a hub in the absence of taking into consideration the variety of the previously mentioned parameters may bring about false recognition. In the plan suggested [21], the imitation is recognized exclusively in light of a solitary instance of contention with the deliberate pace. The pace is registered utilizing the Euclidean separation between reported areas of a hub over a period interim. This might not register the real pace of a hub in the system with irregular waypoint portability demonstrate. At the point when a hub moves quicker by altering the course as often as possible, it never takes after a straight way. In addition, since the areas of copy and the first hub are utilized to gauge the straying velocity, the enemy may convey the reproductions to draw inside nearer buildings of the first hub to maintain the deliberate speed inside the acknowledged assortment. In the plan suggested , the area unique mark system is not reasonable for MWSN, because of the lively topography of the system. Also, choice of a solitary witness hub may prompt to low imitation recognition likelihood, at which the nearby hubs are every now and again changing after some time. The copy discovery process ought not choose in light of one time clashing conduct of a hub and its imitation while utilizing the parameters, for example, pace as well as the quantity of gatherings, yet rather conduct ought to be seen over various time interims display the (XED) eXtremely Efficienty Detection technique. This is an appropriated recognition calculation for versatile systems where the discovery depends upon the information traded between the hubs in the system. It recognizes the rep roduction in view of the arbitrary number traded among one another pertaining to the two hubs. The recognition capacity is debased when the copies trade the correct arbitrary esteem. [22] Suggested SHD (Single Hop Detection) technique. It is a versatility helped based ispersed recognition technique. In SHD technique, when a hub shows up at various neighborhood group, imitation is identified. This strategy enhances the correspondence overhead. 4. PROPOSED WORK The suggested upgraded SHD technique makes utilization of the Clonal determination calculation for the improvement. The improved SHD is like SHD with the exception of that the choice of witness hubs is finished through the Clonal assortment calculation. The suggested CSSHD like SHD comprises of unique mark claim and unique finger impression check stages. In the unique mark assert stage, the unique finger impression of the hubs neighbors is traded between the one-jump neighborhoods. The determination of witness hub is based upon the choice of lymphocytes at large in the Clonal collection calculation. The hub which has been most extreme capacity to forward information is chosen as witness hub. The greatest capacity of the observer hub is dictated by its sending ability. The sending capacity is controlled through the faith estimation of the hub. The trust esteem is ascertained in view of the information bundle sending proportion (DFR) as well as the manage parcel sending proportion (PFR ). The suggested CSSHD strategy aids in choosing the suitable witness hub. Consequently, the recognition exactness can be enhanced by distinguishing the copies with least control overheads. Amid experimentation, the attributes of every hub in the system and its execution are investigated utilizing the suggested CSSHD technique. The proposed philosophy is tried utilizing NS-2 test system, which is basic and surely understood system test system apparatus. The adaptation pertaining to NS-2 has been ns-This device is for the most part utilized as a part of the recreation region of MANET, remote sensor system, VANET, et cetera. Amid the reproduction time, the insights are gathered. The insights incorporates information parcels got, control bundles created, sent parcels, aggregate of all parcels delay, add up to number of got bundles, add up to number of reproduction hubs accurately discovered, add up to bytes got every second and aggregate quantity of kilobytes. Utilizing the above measu rements, the accompanying measurements are characterized: (i) Packet conveyance proportion, (ii) Control overhead, (iii) Standard postponement, (iv) Communication fall (v) Throughput, (vi) Discovery proportion, (vii) False caution rate, The execution pertaining to the suggested strategy is assessed as far as the given factors. The suggested study tries to improve its execution in every one of the measurements; especially, the discovery proportion is enhanced much superior to the current technique. 5. CONCLUSION In versatile WSN, hub replication assault is an essential one. The different reproduction recognition techniques are data traded based identification, hub meeting based location, and the portability based discovery. Of all the above mentioned three copy recognition techniques, the suggested study focuses on the versatility helped based location strategy.. The planned study upgrades the SHD strategy utilizing Clonal Selection calculation of AIS to enhance the recognition proportion through the choice of the good eyewitness hub. The suggested CSSHD strategy is utilized as a part of a completely appropriated environment where correspondence happens among single jump neighbors, exceedingly solid against hub plot and effective in securing against different copy hubs. The test is directed utilizing the ns-2 test system. The proposed technique is being great throughput, little above head and less untrue caution rate. The aftereffects pertaining to the suggested approach are contrasted and e xisting technique which demonstrates that the normal deferral, manage in the clouds, and communication drop have been minimized with higher bundle conveyance ortion esteem and higher recognition proportion. This demonstrates the proposed technique is proficient towards identifying duplicates which have been not flexible against deceitful reproductions with least control REFERENCE M. Carlos-Mancilla, E. LÂÂ ´opez-Mellado, and M. Siller (2016) , Wireless sensor networks formation: approaches and techniques, Journal of Sensors, vol. 2016,Article ID 2081902, 18 pages. S. Tanwar, N. Kumar, and J. J. P. C. Rodrigues (2015.) , A systematic review on heterogeneous routing protocols for wireless sensor network, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 53, pp. 39-56. A. Hadjidj, M. Souil, A. Bouabdallah, Y. Challal, and H. Owen (2013) , Wireless sensor networks for rehabilitation applications: challenges and opportunities, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 1-15. K. Sohraby, D. Minoli, and T. Znati (2007) , Wireless Sensor Networks Technology, Protocols, and Applications , John Wiley Sons ,New York, NY, USA. J. Rezazadeh, M. Moradi, and S. A. Ismail (2012) , Mobile wireless sensor networks overview, International Journal of Computer Communications and Networks, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 17-22. I. Amundson and X. D. Koutsoukos (2009) , A survey on localization for mobile wireless sensor networks, in Mobile Entity Localization and Tracking in GPS-less Environnments: Second International Workshop, MELT , Orlando, FL, USA, September 30, 2009. Proceedings, vol. 5801 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 235-254, Springer, Berlin, Germany. Y. Yu, K. Li, W. Zhou, and P. Li (2012) , Trust mechanisms in wireless sensor networks: attack analysis and countermeasures, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 867-880. C. Zhu, L. Shu, T. Hara, L.Wang, S. Nishio, and L. T. Yang (2011) , A survey on communication and data management issues in mobile sensor networks, Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol. 12, no. 16, pp. 1-18. S. Md Zin, N. Badrul Anuar, M. Laiha Mat Kiah, and A.-S. Khan Pathan (2014), Routing protocol design for secureWSN: review and open research issues, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 517-530. C. P. Mayer (2009) , Security and privacy challenges in the internet of things, Electronic Communications of the EASST, vol. 17, pp. 1- 12. B. Parno, A. Perrig, and V. D. Gligor (2005) , Distributed detection of node replication attacks in sensor networks, in Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, pp. 49-63, IEEE, May. J.-W.Ho, D. Liu, M. Wright, and S. K. Das (2009), Distributed detection of replica node attacks with group deployment knowledge in wireless sensor networks, Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 1476-1488. C.-M. Yu, Y.-T. Tsou, C.-S. Lu, and S.-Y. Kuo (2013) , Localized algorithms for detection of node replication attacks in mobile sensor networks, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 754-768. B. Zhu, V. G. K. Addada, S. Setia, S. Jajodia, and S. 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Zhang, and S. Liu (2012) , Single hop detection of node clone attacks inmobilewireless sensor networks, in Proceedings of the International Workshop on Information and Electronics Engineering (IWIEE 12), pp. 2798-2803, Harbin, China, March.

Life Happens :: Essays Papers

Life Happens For just about every kid you really enjoy high school and really don’t think about what you are going to do after you graduate other than the fact that you know you are going to continue or to college of some kind. Well then there are the others who are not thinking about where they are going to go to college, but what job they are going to find so that they can support your child that they just found out that their girlfriend is having. You talk about an eye opener for those kids. Yes they may be eighteen years old and getting ready to move out on their own, but they are still kids getting ready to raise a kid. This is where it gets scary. It is the half way through your junior year and you have been having a great time. This is when the first slap in the face comes. You are talking to your girlfriend and she tells you that she is late. The first thing that runs through your mind is, â€Å"Late for what?† No sooner does that go through your brain and it hits you what she is late for, and that is when your heart hits the floor and like every other guy in the same situation you open your mouth, â€Å"Are you sure?† Like a girl not knowing when she is late for her period is kind of like a guy not knowing if he had an orgasm. After some guys have a few more beers and freak out for a few minutes, or hours, they think that they can not do this and that the girl should get an abortion. Sometimes the girl is right on board with this, and the baby is aborted and the teens lives go on like nothing ever happened. At least until the girl gets a conscious and starts thinking about what she has done and what could hav e been. This will bother the girl at least sometimes. It might bother the guy but not usually. Then there are other guys who after their freak out period they decide to take responsibility for their actions and tell the girl we will make it through this, we can do this. This is where the real story begins. Not only do we have two kids getting ready to leave the nest for the first time and learn how to spread their wings and fly, but they already have their own baby to teach how to do this also.

American History :: essays research papers

United States (History), story of how the republic developed from colonial beginnings in the 16th century, when the first European explorers arrived, until modern times. As the nation developed, it expanded westward from small settlements along the Atlantic Coast, eventually including all the territory between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans across the middle of the North American continent, as well as two noncontiguous states and a number of territories. At the same time, the population and the economy of the United States grew and changed dramatically. The population diversified as immigrants arrived from all countries of the world. From its beginnings as a remote English colony, the United States has developed the largest economy in the world. Throughout its history, the United States has faced struggles, both within the country—between various ethnic, religious, political, and economic groups—and with other nations. The efforts to deal with and resolve these strugg les have shaped the United States of America into the 21st century. This is one of seven major articles that together provide a comprehensive discussion of the United States of America. For more information on the United States, please see the other six major articles: United States (Overview), United States (Geography), United States (People), United States (Culture), United States (Economy), and United States (Government). II Early Cultural Interaction Print Preview of Section Early American history began in the collision of European, West African, and Native American peoples in North America. Europeans â€Å"discovered† America by accident, then created empires out of the conquest of indigenous peoples and the enslavement of Africans. Yet conquest and enslavement were accompanied by centuries of cultural interaction—interaction that spelled disaster for Africans and Native Americans and triumph for Europeans, to be sure, but interaction that transformed all three peoples in the process. A Native America in 1580 The lands and human societies that European explorers called a New World were in fact very old. During the Ice Ages much of the world’s water was bound up in glaciers. Sea level dropped by hundreds of feet, creating a land bridge between Alaska and Siberia. Asians walked across to become the first human inhabitants of the Americas.

conscription Essay example -- essays research papers fc

Non-essential Conscription   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the war on terrorism continues more troops in Iraq and Afghanistan are dying every month. The government is struggling to organize the number of soldiers maintaining the opposition in both Afghanistan and Iraq which brings up a popular topic-conscription (mandatory military enlistment). Senator Charles Rangel of New York was the one that introduced the call for the military draft upon the Senate. The draft was revoked and still hasn’t been in affect since the Vietnam War over thirty years ago. Reinstitution of conscription would not help this country right now, it will just make matters worse. It is not necessary to permit a draft in the United States because our advanced voluntary military should be able to control the defense of our country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If years from now we are still fighting in operation Iraqi freedom and record numbers of troops are dropping, then congress should start to propose a draft, not now. They probably are pre-warning us right now yet won’t actually pass this mandate until next year or months from today. Who knows, the government can construct a draft tomorrow if they feel that it’s necessary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A meeting between democrats and republicans took place in January this year regarding conscription. They basically discussed how and when this will take action. â€Å"The middle class and lower middle class should not be forced to bear the burden of fighting and dying if, in fact, this is a generational war.† (Senator Chuck Hagel-Republican from Nebraska) He and many other senators made it clear to the press that if there was a draft, then the majority of the upper middle class and upper class would be targeted to fight for our country. I agree simply because during the Vietnam War, many children of the higher social layers of society found any possible way to avoid the draft.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our military defense has the most advanced weapons and protection system in the world. Ever since Bush took place in office, our taxes were contributing towards the expenses of the military. After watching the Department of Defense spend billions of dollars on military needs these last past four years, I wonder why they have to bring up this non-essential topic. This budget that Clinton actually proposed was $277.5 billion for the Sec... ...r paying rent and was in the best shape of my life. It wasn’t that bad, also when I was deployed to Iraq I saved a lot of money and came back to the States feeling and living great. The reason why I got out is because I wanted to go to school.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every person in the U.S. between the ages of 18-26 should be aware of this situation that can possibly happen. They should all have the right to be heard and share their opinions with the rest of the country instead of just the Pentagon, Senate, Legislatures and Politicians. They aren’t the ones who are going to be forced to fight, we are, and we as the young people of society are the easiest intentions. From my knowledge and what I’ve seen while I was in the Army I can say that our armed forces are fine over in Iraq. We don’t need to draft more troops for the war in Iraq. While conscription will ruin our country, another country will be benefited doesn’t make sense. Works Cited http://grassley.senate.gov/won/2003/won02-01-10.htm http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Feb2000/b02072000_bt045-00.html http://www.wsws.org/articles/2004/apr2004/draf-a22.shtml   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Romantics cautioned Essay

Whereas the great minds of the Enlightenment has placed great value on the pursuit and acquisition of knowledge, the Romantics cautioned that knowledge, unrestrained by a proper respect for the natural order, could lead to despair. There are several episodes in the book that point to the destructive power of knowledge that does not respect proper boundaries. The reader’s impression of Victor undergoes a transformation from a light, idyllic childhood, to a darker, more solitary figure pursing his passion by moonlight at Ingolstadt. His retelling of the story takes on a rushed, obsessive mood as he talks of nights in graveyards and charnel houses, foraging in the ground for human flesh and body parts. He remarks, â€Å"I seem to have lost all soul or sensation but for this one pursuit.†(Shelley 39) In his obsessive pursuit of knowledge and the power to create life, Frankenstein oversteps the boundaries of nature. In a moment of reflection, Frankenstein warns Walton, â€Å"Learn from me†¦ how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge and how much happier that man is who believes his native town to be the world, than he who aspires to become greater than his nature will allow.† (Shelley 38) In a similar manner, the innocence and naivetà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of the monster undergoes a transformation while sitting outside the cottage increasing his knowledge from tales in Ruins of Empire. Retelling this new knowledge to Frankenstein, the monster laments, â€Å"I could not conceive how one man could go forth to murder his fellow, or even why there were laws and governments†¦when I heard details of vice and bloodshed, my wonder ceased and I turned away in disgust and loathing.† (Shelley 104) Having previously been enamored with the beauties of nature, and capability of man, the monster reflected a sense of disillusionment when he asked, â€Å"Was man, indeed, at once so powerful, so virtuous and magnificent, yet so vicious and base?†(Shelley 104) Perhaps the most powerful caution against knowledge that does not respect natural laws comes when Shelley invokes the themes of Genesis, and Milton’s Paradise Lost. What more powerful image could there be to prove this point, than that of Adam and Eve disobeying God’s laws, eating from the forbidden tree of knowledge, and being cast out of the Garden of Eden into the dark world? Shelley’s portrayal of Victor and the monster’s evolution seem to align the innocence of childhood with the Romantic themes of sentiment, emotion, and an idealized view of the world. Victor’s depiction of his childhood seems to be filled with hope and happiness. He retells fond memories of family and friends that appear in stark contrast to the path his life took after the death of his mother. Similarly, the monster is initially described as possessing a childlike inquisitiveness, innocent and optimistic, until the outside world changes him. â€Å"I was benevolent and good; misery made me a fiend.†(Shelley, 84) Experience and knowledge change both of these characters for the worse. It is only the return of a friend from Victor’s childhood, Henry Clerval, which can pull Victor out of his darkness and rekindle an appreciation for the beauties of nature. Romantics believed that people should look to the natural world around them in order to provide insight into their inner selves. (Spielvogel 152) Frankenstein’s obsessive and reclusive studies cause him to neglect correspondence with his family for two years, and it is only Clerval’s appearance that can draw him out of seclusion and into nature. Their explorations through the countryside restore life to Victor. His renewed appreciation for nature makes him temporarily forget the dark, destructive path he was on. Clerval is the epitome of a Romantic character, well read in books of chivalry and romance, a composer of heroic songs, and an author of tales of enchantment and knightly adventure. (Shelley 23) These are the themes of the Romantic Movement! Shelley’s depiction of Victor and Clerval are not meant to be an indictment of education and knowledge, or even of science for that matter. According to Patricia Neal, Shelley â€Å"considered education essential for improvement.† (Neal) In fact, it is the knowledge the monster receives by reading great works of literature that allow him to develop a sense of awareness and truth about himself. Shelley cautions against the unrestrained quest for knowledge, as Victor warns Walton â€Å"you seek for knowledge and wisdom†¦and I ardently hope that the gratification of your wishes may not be a serpent to sting you, as mine has been.†(Shelley 15) It is the selfish pursuit of knowledge, to the detriment of an appreciation for natural beauty, which leads her characters down destructive paths. An important theme of Romantic literature, and one very present in Frankenstein, is the idea that the progression of industrialization would cause people to become estranged from their inner selves, their identity, and the natural world all around them. (Spielvogel 152) The Movement placed a great deal of emphasis on nature and a glorified past because the Industrial Revolution was destroying nature and creating a gloomy environment. Victor is so immersed in his selfish scientific pursuits that he becomes oblivious to natural beauty all around him, â€Å"Never did the fields bestow a more plentiful harvest or the vines yield a more luxuriant vintage, but my eyes were insensible to the charms of nature.† (Shelley 40) Waldman’s characterization of scientists penetrating the depths of nature to discover its secrets, draws attention to industry and Science’s attempt to master the natural world, and the disruption of the delicate balance between humankind and nature that had existed in a previous era. (Shelley 33, Damyanov) The early days of the Industrial Revolution held so much promise and potential for improving civilization, but the results were not always so beneficial. Similarly, Victor had noble intentions when he began his research, but a lack of self-restraint meant the outcome was destructive. Shelley was alarmed by â€Å"the absence of conscience, or awareness of implicit obligation to provide safeguards in scientific creations.† (Neal) She was concerned about the long-term effects as Victor/mankind focused on his ability to manipulate nature, and lost sight of the bigger picture. The creation that held so much promise in the beginning, whether it was Shelley’s monster or the Industrial Revolution’s machines and science, had become a scourge upon society and a threat to its very existence. Shelley issues an eerie warning as the monster threatens the lives of Victor’s loved ones, â€Å"Remember that I have power†¦you are my creator, but I am the master.† (Shelley 152). The countless adaptations of Frankenstein that have been drawn from the original, fail to capture the essence of the story and the societal conflict it addressed. Victor Frankenstein’s desire to challenge the laws of nature led him down a path of self-destruction. His pursuit of knowledge and glory consumed him as he lost sight of the larger purpose, and lost respect for the natural world. Shelley intended his story to be a lesson to a rapidly changing society. Originally applied to the Industrial Revolution, these same lessons are still appropriate to a contemporary society engaged in a Technological Revolution. Works Cited Bushi, Ruth. â€Å"The author is become a creator-God’ (Herder). The deification of creativity  in relation to ‘Frankenstein'† October 15, 2002 http://www.kimwoodbridge.com